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schwan匀胶机(sc1b型匀胶机)

来源:www.haichao.net  时间:2023-01-16 17:55   点击:219  编辑:admin   手机版

1. sc1b型匀胶机

铜雕具有非常久远的发展历史,作为摆件的存在,更有很多的记载在出土的文物中,无论大小,有很多的铜雕塑。铜雕的制作是以铜料为胚,运用雕刻,铸塑等特殊手法制作出来的一种雕塑。铜雕艺术主要表现出造型、质感以及纹饰上的美。

工艺流程

铜雕的制作一般都要经过铜的冶炼、锻造、雕刻、镀金、磨光、上红等工序,并综合应用叠镶、三色、点刻、烘炼,制绿,熔铸、镂雕等技法。序比较复杂,工艺也十分考究。

叠镶:是将铜件复合、叠合、熔汇在一起,形成立体式的铜制品。

三色:是将铜板经过手工磨、抛、点、硫化、局部镏镀等多道工艺后,呈现出金、银、铜三种自然金属本色。

点刻:包括点打、刻打、粗打、细打等,是指在铜雕上敲打出密密麻麻的麻点,使其组成所需图案。

烘炼:是根据铜的属性,通过烘炼对铜板进行特殊处理以改变其内部结构,达到需要的展度、硬度。

制绿:是一种在短时间内形成铜绿的工艺,可使铜雕免受大气污染和雨雪侵蚀,达到保护铜表面的目的。

熔铸:包括失蜡法、模具法和熔铜法三种铸造方法。其中,失蜡法是用蜡制成模,外敷造型材料,成为整体铸型,模具法是将大型铜雕经分件浇铸后衔接成一个整体,熔铜法的核心工艺为“无模可控熔铸工艺”。

镂雕:是一种通过镂空,用手工镶嵌夹层,形成多层次孔穴,并把字画刻在铜板上,制作出多形镂雕艺术品的工艺。

工艺特征

书艺结合

铜雕包括在铜板上作画、写字等。脱胎于石刻、木刻的壁挂而成,因此,很大程度上吸取了传统石刻、木刻的艺术精华,并结合青铜器纹饰雕刻工艺,表现形式不断发展。富地方特色的铜书艺壁画,把名人的诗画搬上铜板,再经化学和物理处理,色调古朴,做到以画为主体,以诗词为衬托,具有强烈的感染力。

彩画相间

铜板彩画,将名胜古迹、自然风光、花鸟、人物、神话等填绘喷涂而成,再经氧化着色、抛光打磨、清洗上膜,便成了彩色铜雕画,传承人吸收了民间绘画的精华和民间剪纸、年画的艺术特色,运用到铜雕工艺上,使之具有丰富的表现力。

三色为本

铜雕不用喷涂上色,铜板上可以得到金、银、铜三种自然金属本色。这种工艺主要得益于紫金铜刻的发明专利。用历史题材作背景,先在铜板面上绘画。布局做到人最并茂,然后手工刻出立体浮雕,经抛砂、打磨、蚀刻处理,在画面上出现三种金属颜色,达到闪闪发光的艺术效果。金、银、铜三色成为画面主体。其特点是不生锈、不褪色、不腐蚀、不脱落、不变形,保存时间长,极具收藏价值。

装饰永久

铜雕用在建筑上的铜装饰不易腐蚀,根据铜可延展的特性,结合铜建筑的结构需要,做成门窗、斗拱、瓦片、水斗、幕墙、壁画、包柱、屋梁等建筑铜构件,对整个画面的外轮郭进行变形、着色的工艺处理,形成多层、多形、多孔、多棱、多面、多线的造型结构。使得装饰永久,色泽不变,造型新颖,坚固安全。

铜雕其造型多呈威严粗犷、端庄沉稳之态,表现出坚实浑厚、富丽辉煌的质感。铜雕的纹饰主要为饕餮纹,或以动物头部造型,再以鸟、兽、虫、鱼部分形体组成抽象的图案来衬托铜雕造型。

富贵象征

利用铜的自身价值,做成各种工艺品,供人鉴赏收藏。古时候,人们把铜称为"金",藏铜就是藏金,铜,《说文解字》曰:"赤金也。"最早就被认为是与金子一样贵重的金属。所以,婚庆喜事总要与铜结缘。家中备点铜器,一是表示富裕,二是可以辟邪,三是显得体面。

铸造方法

铜雕的铸造方法有很多种,较为常用的是失蜡法,失蜡法的主要制作顺序是,用蜡制成膜,之后在其外敷造型材料,让二者合二为一,以此来铸型。

失蜡法

失蜡法也称“熔模法”,是一种青铜等金属器物的精细铸造办法。

做法

先用蜡做成铸件的模型,再用其他耐火资料填充泥芯和敷成外范。加热烘烤后,蜡模悉数熔化流失,使整个铸件模型变成空壳。再往内注入金属熔液,便铸成器物。以失蜡法铸造的器物能够玲珑剔透,能做出镂空的效果。

代表作

用失蜡法制作的最具有代表性的古代器物,就是曾侯乙尊盘。

优点

用失蜡法铸出的制品既无外壳痕迹,又无垫片的痕迹,用它铸造镂空的器物更佳。中国传统的熔模铸造技能对国际的冶金开展有很大的影响。现代工业的熔模精细铸造,就是从传统的失蜡法衍生而来的。虽然无论在所用蜡料、制模、造型资料、工艺办法等方面,它们都有很大的不同,可是它们的工艺原理是一致的。

制作步骤

设计图纸

设计雕塑造型首先对于雕塑的整体构想而设计出图纸,然后再依照此图案的样子铸造出此铸铜雕塑。

制作泥稿

要求根据相应的图纸做出个大致的模型,目的是为了方便定型。也为了发现有不完美的地方进行修改。

模具翻制

一般来说模具有两种:一种是石膏翻制。另一种是用硅胶翻制。翻制模具是根据作品的复杂程度而决定方案,较为简单的作品可采取石膏翻制,复杂一点的就要用硅胶翻制。

石膏翻制

工具:盛石膏浆的容器(小盆或大碗)一个,铁铲刀一把,分模的插片(塑料或金属片)若干。

材料:石膏粉(熟)、水和一些起加固作用的纤维物。

翻制石膏模具的步骤

1、插片分块。分块的目的是使模具易于从泥上拿下来而不损坏模具。先根据结构把塑像的表面分成若干块,以好启模为原则,先划线后插片。

2、调浆制模。在容器中放入清水,然后将石膏粉加入水中不要搅动,等水被吸收到石膏面上有一层水时为最好,此时再搅动石膏成糊状,而后层层涂到泥塑的各个部分,直到预定厚度为止,但最应注意的是第一层一定要涂匀,千万不能留有气孔。

3、启模灌注。等石膏凝固(一般30分钟可凝固)就可启模。启模前先拔去所有的插片,在缝隙中加些水润滑(便于脱模),用铁铲轻轻撬动模块,先启小块后启大块。模具启下后清理干净稍晾干,接着就可翻制雕塑了。翻制前先用浓肥皂粉水将模具涂一遍便于脱模,再将各块模具重新组合在一起用铁丝或细绳扎紧,翻制石膏像的石膏浆要稀一点(能流动就可以),从下部敞开处到入石膏模具中并不断转动,使石膏浆流遍模具内各处,最好不要灌满,最后静等凝固。

4、脱模成像。对于一次性模具,用铁铲轻轻打去外模即可,若要保留模具,除分模时注意雕像不能阻碍启模外,还要按先后顺序启模,才可能完整保留模具(以备再用),翻好的石膏像还要修理,用石膏浆补好在启模过程中被损坏的部位。

硅胶翻制

材料:模具泥,原模型(如果没有原模型的,要用精雕油泥先雕塑好),模具硅胶,脱模剂,AB水。

步骤:

1、先硬质纸张做个盒子模型,在底部用模具泥把底部弄平整。

2、放入要翻制的产品模型零件。

3、放入要注入的汤口及排气孔,并用圆形木棒在周围插几个洞以作为后面阳模的插销。

4、准备好液体硅胶、固化剂、滴管、纸杯和竹筷等。

5、用汤匙舀入需要用的量的硅胶。

6、按100:3的比例滴入固化剂。

7、搅拌均匀,如果没有搅拌均匀会出现气泡,所以一定切记要搅拌均匀。

8、将搅拌均匀的硅胶倒入纸盒的头像模型上。

9、用喷笔轻轻在硅胶表面吹动,把气泡吃出来,并等待干燥。

10、凝固后把盒底的模具泥取开,拿出粘土,阳模就完成了。

11、在头像模型表面涂上脱模剂。

12、重复第四步到第九步的步骤。

13、等待硅胶干燥凝固。

14、将纸盒拆开,打开阴阳模,取出零件。

15、用小刀修改汤口及排气孔,至此阴阳模完成。

16、准备两个小纸杯。

17、倒入合适的剂量,按1:1调好。

18、倒入模具中。

19、等待约20分钟后,打开模具即完成硅胶翻模。

蜡型灌制

模具翻制完后再把融化好的石蜡灌到已经制作好的石膏模具或硅胶模具里,等石蜡冷却后拆开模具,蜡型作品就形成了,这一步我们称其为“蜡型灌制“。

制壳

制壳采取两种方案,小件或者复杂的用精致石英砂一层一层把制作好的蜡型包起来、然后再用高温把壳里面的石蜡烧净。另一种就是树脂砂箱制作,砂箱制作一般适用于简单的,平面浮雕,大铜钱,铜佛像的背面,等没有多大工艺的光面。

铜雕制作的需要较强的专业技术和知识,铜雕制作是门技术活,一直是艺术家们热衷追求和施展才华的技工之一。

浇铸

高温把铜化成铜水灌注到做好的壳或砂箱里面。清冒口打磨焊接,把已经打磨好的铜雕拼在一起,成为一个完整的整体。这一步做完基本就能看出我们的铜雕大致样子了。

铜雕样式

人物铜雕

人物铜雕的铸造工艺已经流传了千年,铜雕厂已经形成了自己的一套生产工艺,结合现在的工艺技术,人物雕塑的铸造更加的精细准确。人物铜塑是以古今中外的人物形象为设计题材设计而成的雕塑作品,按照人物出现的时间分为现代人物雕塑古代人物雕塑;按照人物生活的地区还可以分出欧式雕塑或者称西方人物雕塑。人物铜雅使用很广泛。

动物铜雕

动物铜雕非常具有特点,能够清楚的表达人们想要表达的内涵。一般用于艺术上的表现,表达艺术家的审美、情感和理想的艺术。正是因为有了这些独具匠心的特色,动物铜雕才被广泛加工制造,成为21世纪动物艺术欣赏水平提升的一个重要标志。动物铜雕一直是铜雕种类中一个重要的类型,不论是现代社会还是在古代,深受动们的喜爱,雕塑者通过细腻的雕塑制作刻画,精心的设计将动物的形态以铜雕的形式保存展现出来,是动物和文化的统一,动物铜雕从铜鹿,铜马的普通动物到铜麒麟,铜貔貅等神兽都有体现。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜雕具有非常久远的发展历史,作为摆件的存在,更有很多的记载在出土的文物中,无论大小,有很多的铜雕塑。铜雕的制作是以铜料为胚,运用雕刻,铸塑等特殊手法制作出来的一种雕塑。铜雕艺术主要表现出造型、质感以及纹饰上的美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KYgidquiUo22osxgFssc5zwenkh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工艺流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mc4Sd2KGAouYkCxs7lncN2Gjn4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜雕的制作一般都要经过铜的冶炼、锻造、雕刻、镀金、磨光、上红等工序,并综合应用叠镶、三色、点刻、烘炼,制绿,熔铸、镂雕等技法。序比较复杂,工艺也十分考究。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LwYId00wsoQ4qkx6SbRcNPqOnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"叠镶:是将铜件复合、叠合、熔汇在一起,形成立体式的铜制品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BmOMdE06SomQC6xWSqPcffninkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三色:是将铜板经过手工磨、抛、点、硫化、局部镏镀等多道工艺后,呈现出金、银、铜三种自然金属本色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WGQUd8G0SoYMgqxAxFqcWXYSnZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点刻:包括点打、刻打、粗打、细打等,是指在铜雕上敲打出密密麻麻的麻点,使其组成所需图案。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmEAd6aQuoCqGyxE1erc7revnfc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"烘炼:是根据铜的属性,通过烘炼对铜板进行特殊处理以改变其内部结构,达到需要的展度、硬度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkigdYQUyosY68xcxv1c2WhTnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制绿:是一种在短时间内形成铜绿的工艺,可使铜雕免受大气污染和雨雪侵蚀,达到保护铜表面的目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PO68dqAAsoSy60xK1wHcPQIdn69"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"熔铸:包括失蜡法、模具法和熔铜法三种铸造方法。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"其中,失蜡法是用蜡制成模,外敷造型材料,成为整体铸型,模具法是将大型铜雕经分件浇铸后衔接成一个整体,熔铜法的核心工艺为“无模可控熔铸工艺”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"E0IUdQ2kioCyogxEtgWcNlIznMd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"镂雕:是一种通过镂空,用手工镶嵌夹层,形成多层次孔穴,并把字画刻在铜板上,制作出多形镂雕艺术品的工艺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bc22dcss0oqoygxsZbicNAI5ncg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工艺特征","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FioGdc8CYoASaKx4Hsscmvssnph"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书艺结合","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEEmdImwgomSyCxq9cUc8pn3nwA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜雕包括在铜板上作画、写字等。脱胎于石刻、木刻的壁挂而成,因此,很大程度上吸取了传统石刻、木刻的艺术精华,并结合青铜器纹饰雕刻工艺,表现形式不断发展。富地方特色的铜书艺壁画,把名人的诗画搬上铜板,再经化学和物理处理,色调古朴,做到以画为主体,以诗词为衬托,具有强烈的感染力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FyOQdAI62oGyw6xmMykc9p6In2e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"彩画相间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XAmYdikoqowG2gxuMIwcYJ64n0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜板彩画,将名胜古迹、自然风光、花鸟、人物、神话等填绘喷涂而成,再经氧化着色、抛光打磨、清洗上膜,便成了彩色铜雕画,传承人吸收了民间绘画的精华和民间剪纸、年画的艺术特色,运用到铜雕工艺上,使之具有丰富的表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GmCsdCiMYooQOWxykxScowQUnVh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":326,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"彩画相间","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c487eec3cbc849229550703160480280","width":592},"text":"","id":"T4eQdmEkIocskCxQVFncB4qFnTe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三色为本","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y4QQdgKAeoyGKCx4rgYcxsEnnRf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜雕不用喷涂上色,铜板上可以得到金、银、铜三种自然金属本色。这种工艺主要得益于紫金铜刻的发明专利。用历史题材作背景,先在铜板面上绘画。布局做到人最并茂,然后手工刻出立体浮雕,经抛砂、打磨、蚀刻处理,在画面上出现三种金属颜色,达到闪闪发光的艺术效果。金、银、铜三色成为画面主体。其特点是不生锈、不褪色、不腐蚀、不脱落、不变形,保存时间长,极具收藏价值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IuW8dsgqWoUmcqxC2aXcNbEhnsN"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":472,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"三色为本","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63f7a4d314a643a7934f66ee98c84cbd","width":658},"text":"","id":"K2OUdc8isooGc2xieakcp58SnSg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"装饰永久","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmIsdiOi8o064ExG08ncD71CnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜雕用在建筑上的铜装饰不易腐蚀,根据铜可延展的特性,结合铜建筑的结构需要,做成门窗、斗拱、瓦片、水斗、幕墙、壁画、包柱、屋梁等建筑铜构件,对整个画面的外轮郭进行变形、着色的工艺处理,形成多层、多形、多孔、多棱、多面、多线的造型结构。使得装饰永久,色泽不变,造型新颖,坚固安全。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sc8mdOaQIoiOuqxGWCwc5qERnoh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜雕其造型多呈威严粗犷、端庄沉稳之态,表现出坚实浑厚、富丽辉煌的质感。铜雕的纹饰主要为饕餮纹,或以动物头部造型,再以鸟、兽、虫、鱼部分形体组成抽象的图案来衬托铜雕造型。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FAA0dm8Gmo6ecIxq08HcUgiNnYf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":350,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"装饰永久","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b8deb8ad1a240a5b5c7f33ac75ad331","width":350},"text":"","id":"KiY8deMkcok20YxgqbWcHaEZn45"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"富贵象征","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmWed6k0WoSocKxQ5e9cvZRvnih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"利用铜的自身价值,做成各种工艺品,供人鉴赏收藏。古时候,人们把铜称为\"金\",藏铜就是藏金,铜,《说文解字》曰:\"赤金也。\"最早就被认为是与金子一样贵重的金属。所以,婚庆喜事总要与铜结缘。家中备点铜器,一是表示富裕,二是可以辟邪,三是显得体面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQMAdkQKWoeAgyx6GRvcfgVDnHh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":350,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"富贵象征","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cdb4032349424e34bdb140f045be2fd1","width":350},"text":"","id":"J0cidisykogcSOx04BJcUdUdn2c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"lev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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SOwyd0Wueo04UYx0wujcPzjinDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"设计图纸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VQqmdoGcaoKCYIxG29BcEC2OnXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"设计雕塑造型首先对于雕塑的整体构想而设计出图纸,然后再依照此图案的样子铸造出此铸铜雕塑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I60udUyqaoOiACxKihEcBp5TnZc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制作泥稿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I6KodMcE8oOs0QxiAP6cd3X1nSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求根据相应的图纸做出个大致的模型,目的是为了方便定型。也为了发现有不完美的地方进行修改。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HQEKdUYYGoAo8wxgDuecJeiVnGc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"模具翻制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HEWkdSK0moEAwOx2VSccSNICnxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般来说模具有两种:一种是石膏翻制。另一种是用硅胶翻制。翻制模具是根据作品的复杂程度而决定方案,较为简单的作品可采取石膏翻制,复杂一点的就要用硅胶翻制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PE80due8EoC2EQxwVYachG06n0f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"石膏翻制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z6C0dqCEIomcCgxuWxycTgUpnOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具:盛石膏浆的容器(小盆或大碗)一个,铁铲刀一把,分模的插片(塑料或金属片)若干。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QS2Ed4OoaoeKqux4DmMc3tJtnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"材料:石膏粉(熟)、水和一些起加固作用的纤维物。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YyC4dw82MoayICxS8FUcjq4dnKf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻制石膏模具的步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HU6AdUaoUomeOWxYtNSchZgCnRc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、插片分块。分块的目的是使模具易于从泥上拿下来而不损坏模具。先根据结构把塑像的表面分成若干块,以好启模为原则,先划线后插片。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TWkEdKyuwoKGuMx4F1wc7hqgnmh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、调浆制模。在容器中放入清水,然后将石膏粉加入水中不要搅动,等水被吸收到石膏面上有一层水时为最好,此时再搅动石膏成糊状,而后层层涂到泥塑的各个部分,直到预定厚度为止,但最应注意的是第一层一定要涂匀,千万不能留有气孔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OqOqdIw2qokoYIxac9ucYCb2ncc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、启模灌注。等石膏凝固(一般30分钟可凝固)就可启模。启模前先拔去所有的插片,在缝隙中加些水润滑(便于脱模),用铁铲轻轻撬动模块,先启小块后启大块。模具启下后清理干净稍晾干,接着就可翻制雕塑了。翻制前先用浓肥皂粉水将模具涂一遍便于脱模,再将各块模具重新组合在一起用铁丝或细绳扎紧,翻制石膏像的石膏浆要稀一点(能流动就可以),从下部敞开处到入石膏模具中并不断转动,使石膏浆流遍模具内各处,最好不要灌满,最后静等凝固。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Z8CodoO6soCoGEx0sU7cy0wmnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、脱模成像。对于一次性模具,用铁铲轻轻打去外模即可,若要保留模具,除分模时注意雕像不能阻碍启模外,还要按先后顺序启模,才可能完整保留模具(以备再用),翻好的石膏像还要修理,用石膏浆补好在启模过程中被损坏的部位。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RO2wde8aAoYow8xWYtDctqGrndc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":411,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"石膏翻制","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2119de365e3941ffbf7a129eef722b0d","width":389},"text":"","id":"IQ2ydsq6YoACqIxCiPAcf4wXnDg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"硅胶翻制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PG6adoCMUoIoeaxsTUucpSqznqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"材料:模具泥,原模型(如果没有原模型的,要用精雕油泥先雕塑好),模具硅胶,脱模剂,AB水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fue4d0AqmoYmq8xWKincyepqnBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"步骤:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LOMWdWAgeo6sq2xcfPscnNPXnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、先硬质纸张做个盒子模型,在底部用模具泥把底部弄平整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NSAYdeqSAoAs2Kxk27tc0XK8nnb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、放入要翻制的产品模型零件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PY2ydMWk8okg0yx6s4Rc5hasn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、放入要注入的汤口及排气孔,并用圆形木棒在周围插几个洞以作为后面阳模的插销。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P06Qdm8isomCy2xgLFpckhR6nfh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、准备好液体硅胶、固化剂、滴管、纸杯和竹筷等。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PEEUdce4eoU208xyABOcpHoYn8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、用汤匙舀入需要用的量的硅胶。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sgg6dWCEEommgGxUHvCctoE7nwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、按100:3的比例滴入固化剂。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LC0cdY6kGoOmgix8Qdcc8xwRncb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、搅拌均匀,如果没有搅拌均匀会出现气泡,所以一定切记要搅拌均匀。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MAKCdsAKkouiMIx4IbxcVmKWnDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"8、将搅拌均匀的硅胶倒入纸盒的头像模型上。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DKE2diGCWosIsExY5iicrozWnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"9、用喷笔轻轻在硅胶表面吹动,把气泡吃出来,并等待干燥。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AEyGdwsQWoQyqgxKeNRc67pcndg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"10、凝固后把盒底的模具泥取开,拿出粘土,阳模就完成了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dk6cdsy8IoAYqAxSuNcccINQnSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"11、在头像模型表面涂上脱模剂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GqcEdiC6uo82o6xaOg3cdQDbnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"12、重复第四步到第九步的步骤。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NokgdiiS4oO4UAxwdwdceB5jnDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"13、等待硅胶干燥凝固。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Dgi2dqei2oewcExuc2BcQ0Jrnsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"14、将纸盒拆开,打开阴阳模,取出零件。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ECewdqeGEoSAyixKeB7cdjLlnDf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"15、","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"用小刀修改汤口及排气孔,至此阴阳模完成。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UuaMdsaOgoAewGxe6S0cBmz5nwf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"16、准备两个小纸杯。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CO4MdKYcYoOO62xa8gkc1bEzn9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"17、倒入合适的剂量,按1:1调好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"POI2douOIok0g6xYxlIcYkkHnYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"18、倒入模具中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Rkc4dIWGcookGoxM7MgcXuEInQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"19、等待约20分钟后,打开模具即完成硅胶翻模。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QCuUdasE6oIeqwxIhmLcnoOOnMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":316,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"硅胶翻制","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8446b399b09b4b769f772a0725796313","width":482},"text":"","id":"Fka2dw44somsGSxMJWxcZWk1nLd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"蜡型灌制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H06yd2WgKoOMG2xiQphcYBk8nge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"模具翻制完后再把融化好的石蜡灌到已经制作好的石膏模具或硅胶模具里,等石蜡冷却后拆开模具,蜡型作品就形成了,这一步我们称其为“蜡型灌制“。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O6GEdeaAeogEG6xcRfAc3zhcnWf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"制壳","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BgOmd0YIeoYUukxGudUcjymynDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"制壳采取两种方案,小件或者复杂的用精致石英砂一层一层把制作好的蜡型包起来、然后再用","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"高温把壳里面的石蜡烧净。另一种就是树脂砂箱制作,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"砂箱制作一般适用于简单的,平面浮雕,大铜钱,铜佛像的背面,等没有多大工艺的光面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Him4d0QAAoWCMExEn3icnwuAnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜雕制作的需要较强的专业技术和知识,铜雕制作是门技术活,一直是艺术家们热衷追求和施展才华的技工之一。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YC4wdaYyEomkG0xK43dcUKKfnld"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"浇铸","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KcUcdu2UMo4YaGxg7a0c4noen4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高温把铜化成铜水灌注到做好的壳或砂箱里面。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"清冒口打磨焊接,把已经打磨好的铜雕拼在一起,成为一个完整的整体。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这一步做完基本就能看出我们的铜雕大致样子了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wg0CdwUgio8mcExI7NbcvNMInYf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"铜雕样式","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEYkdSm8goowuCxks6kczE9unlb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物铜雕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZYuCdSM6soUusUx23QdcS5tCnRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"人物铜雕的铸造工艺已经流传了千年,铜雕厂已经形成了自己的一套生产工艺,结合现在的工艺技术,人物雕塑的铸造更加的精细准确。人物铜塑是以古今中外的人物形象为设计题材设计而成的雕塑作品,按照人物出现的时间分为现代人物雕塑古代人物雕塑;按照人物生活的地区还可以分出欧式雕塑或者称西方人物雕塑。人物铜雅使用很广泛。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xmk4des4ioKWUwxhUMrcpGZinqY"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":459,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物铜雕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/eac44d0773cb40368ccf317166cf3d48","width":376},"text":"","id":"W0a2dAmQqom4uex8Rkkcuk2nnfh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"人物铜雕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a2b4c18076e9477cafab96bed62ee4a5","width":500},"text":"","id":"IaUUdCWOUom8WuxYHdQcAUclnlc"}],"text":"","id":"OwMgdgAmQogacqx4eaJcntUqnIb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"动物铜雕","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwMgdgAmQogacqx4eaJcntUqnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"动物铜雕非常具有特点,能够清楚的表达人们想要表达的内涵。一般用于艺术上的表现,表达艺术家的审美、情感和理想的艺术。正是因为有了这些独具匠心的特色,动物铜雕才被广泛加工制造,成为21世纪动物艺术欣赏水平提升的一个重要标志。动物铜雕一直是铜雕种类中一个重要的类型,不论是现代社会还是在古代,深受动们的喜爱,雕塑者通过细腻的雕塑制作刻画,精心的设计将动物的形态以铜雕的形式保存展现出来,是动物和文化的统一,动物铜雕从铜鹿,铜马的普通动物到铜麒麟,铜貔貅等神兽都有体现。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PwuAdyGmmoGkkOx4n6ocCc2gnlf"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":285,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"动物铜雕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bba51b2b0c7a4c329b381b1ad6e7f5b9","width":400},"text":"","id":"CwMMdU0UioYOusxwv7bcgA4ondg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":400,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"动物铜雕","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d7e3411685e64fe0a695a6cb9e623908","width":400},"text":"","id":"Lsc6dccOwomQsOxIxMHc1akinSj"}],"text":"","id":"LiOqdEkygoG6e4xYbNWcDCrdnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LiOqdEkygoG6e4xYbNWcDCrdnWb"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

2. 匀胶机结构

用大胶槽跑电泳时,出现胶块(或泳道)的边缘溴酚蓝比胶块中间的跑得快的现象。

根据本人跑胶的经验,我觉得出现这种问题可能原因有:

1、制胶的梳子用久了已出现变型,使得加样孔不处于同一平行,那么跑胶时溴酚蓝就会出现不一样快。

2、制胶后加电泳缓冲液时,注意不能让缓冲液跑到胶底下,根据我以往的经验,液体最容易跑到胶的底下两侧,使胶的边缘与中间跑胶速度不一样。

3、可能电泳仪出现了问题,不过这种可能比较小,建议使用其他电泳仪试一试。

4、溶胶的时间长一些,但是不能太长,以免胶被烧干了。溶胶如果不能混匀的话,那么的话就很有可能出现边缘效应。

5、电泳槽中的缓冲液最好超过胶1CM左右,否则缓冲液像中间泳,两边的电泳缓冲液就不均匀了。

6、溴酚兰的量不要超过样品的5分之一,溴酚兰过量后跑的速度不一致

7、建议你MAKER跑中间的空,尽量不要点边缘的孔。

8、晾胶时一定使其自然冷却,不要冷却的不均匀,会出现月牙型的图形

3. sc-1b匀胶机

毛笔字是指按传统法度书写的字,而不是用毛笔随意写出的字。书法是线条造型艺术。所谓毛笔笔法讲的就是怎样创造理想线条的用笔方法。

毛笔字入门教程

执笔

“把笔无定法,要使虚而宽。”五指执笔法:即以拇指和食指的指肚捏住笔杆(适当高度),保证笔杆不脱落;中指在食指下面搭在笔的外侧,既加强食指捏笔的力量,又发挥把笔往里钩的作用;无名指的甲肉之际抵在笔杆内侧,起着把笔往外推的作用;小指附在无名指的指肚下部,辅助无名指把笔往外推。

1、将手掌摊开后大拇指向上,然后让无名指和小指轻轻的向内弯曲,手指弯曲时要让手掌保持平稳。

2、将毛笔放在中指和无名指之间,然后中指和食指自然贴合毛笔,握笔的高度要距离笔根3-4cm。

3、将大拇指放在中指和食指之间,大拇指方向朝上方放置,小指要紧挨无名指,握笔时手心要留余地,初学者最开始握毛笔可能会有所不舒服,稍加练习就会适应了。

握笔时要如古人所说:“令掌虚如握卵”,这样便于运笔。学书要经常练习握笔、钩回、推出和旋转笔杆(加上腕的作用)练习画直线和弧线。执笔的高低和是否悬腕、悬肘,由所书字的大小来决定,小字低执,枕腕;大字高执,悬腕;再大则需悬肘。

磨墨

1、以清水逐渐加入

研墨需加清水,若水中混有杂质,则磨出来的墨就不纯了。至于加水,最先不宜过多,以免将墨浸软,或墨汁四溅,以逐渐加入为宜。

2、力匀而急缓适中

磨墨时用力过轻过重,太急太缓,墨汁皆必粗而不匀。用力过轻,速度太缓,浪费时间且墨浮;用力过重,速度过急,则墨粗而生沬,色亦无光。正确的方法应该是「指按推用力」,轻重有节,切莫太急。

3、随磨随用

用墨必需新磨,因墨汁若放置一日以上,胶与煤逐渐脱离,墨光既乏光彩,又不能持久,故以宿墨作书,极易褪色。而市面上所售的现成墨汁,有些胶重滞笔,有些则浓度太低,落纸极易化开,防腐剂又多,易损笔锋,不宜采用。

纸张

练习毛笔字没有薄纸临摹,可以用宣纸、毛边纸、报纸等,最好是用宣纸。

用宣纸题字作画,墨韵清晰,层次分明,骨气兼蓄,气势溢秀,浓而不浑,淡而不灰,其字其画,跃然纸上,神采飞扬,飞目生辉。

宣纸分为生宣、半熟宣、熟宣。生宣吸水性和沁水性都强,易产生丰富的墨韵变化,以之行泼墨法、积墨法,能收水晕墨、达到水走墨流之艺术效果。写意山水多用它。熟宣是加工时用明矾等涂过,故纸质较生宣为硬,吸水能力弱,使得使用时墨和色不会洇散开来。因此特性,使得熟宣宜于绘工笔画而非水墨写意画。半熟宣也是从生宣加工而成,吸水能力界乎前两者之间,适合写小楷。

笔法

毛笔书法是线条造型艺术。所谓笔法主要的就是怎样创造理想线条(点画)的用笔方法。中国书法主要都以线条表现,要使书法的线条点画富有变化,必先讲究执笔,在运笔时掌握轻重、快慢、偏正、曲直等方法,称为“笔法”。

提按

笔按下去写,笔划就粗,提起来就细。就像人走路的两只脚,一只落下,一只提起,不停地交替一样,笔在写字的过程中也在不停地提按。惟其如此,才能产生出粗细绝不相同的线条来。

笔画

每写一个笔画,都有入笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。入笔有“露锋”法,顺笔而入,使笔画开端呈尖形或方形;有“藏锋法”,逆锋入笔,横画欲右先左,竖画欲下先上,使笔锋藏在笔画中,笔画开端基本呈圆形。

行笔要学会“中锋用笔”,使锋尖常在点划中间运行。为使笔画有力度,还要学会涩势用笔,行中留,留中行,避免浮华。收笔有“露锋”(把笔逐渐提出纸面,画呈尖形,如悬针竖、撇、捺、钩),有“藏锋”(将笔尖收回画中,如垂露竖,笔画尾端呈圆形)。

结字

结字又叫结体或间架结构。启功先生曾指出,写毛笔字一要把握间架结构,二要练好笔画特点。间架结构比点画特点重要。间架好的字,笔画特点不突出,也还顺眼;反过来就不行了。因此,认真研究并把握好字的结体规律十分重要。所谓“初学分布,但求平正”。

入手

学写字应先从楷书或隶书入手。掌握各种笔法后再学其它书体就有了基础。临帖是练好字的必需手段。不临帖,全凭自己想法随意写,是上不了路子的。学写毛笔字一定要有恒心与毅力,要持之以恒,戒骄戒躁,不能一曝十寒。常说:“只要工夫深,铁杵磨成针”。

毛笔楷书入门教程

常言道,“学书先学楷,功到自然成”。通过楷书入门扎实基础,才能在学习行书时走起来,学习草书时跑起来而不飘忽。当然这是一个很漫长的过程,任何东西的学习都是由慢到快、由简到繁的过程。

孙过庭在《书谱》中说,“初学分布,当求平正,既只平正,务追险绝,既能险绝,复归平正。” 学习书法,就是学习书法中动静关系。可以说,选择楷书作为书法入,是实用和艺术并重的最佳选择。

毛笔的选择

写毛笔字也是一门艺术,毛笔字最重要的就是遇到合适的毛笔,这样用起来也是比较顺手的。毛笔有长的有短的,毛尖不一样,手感不一样写出来的字的感觉也是不一样的,选择合适的即可。

一支好的毛笔要具备“尖、齐、圆、健”四德。

尖:笔毫聚合时,笔锋要能收尖。

齐:将笔头沾水捏扁,笔端的毛整齐无不齐现象。

圆:笔肚周围,笔毫饱满圆润,呈圆锥状,不扁不瘦。

健:笔毛有弹性,笔毛铺开后易于收拢,笔力要健。

毛笔的种类很多,在初次学习时,希望你选用“兼毫”的湖笔。因为兼毫的湖笔,笔芯硬,易于掌握,对你以后的学习很重要。

毛笔的种类

①硬毫笔:笔性刚健,毛弹性较大,常见的有兔毫、狼毫、鼠须、石獾毫、山马毫、猪鬃等。

1、兔毫笔历史悠久,在长沙出土的战国笔就是用兔毫制成的。它是将笔干一头劈开数片,把笔头插入后再用丝线紧扎而成。兔毫又分紫毫和花白两种。紫毫是取兔子背脊(又称箭毫)和尾巴上的毫毛制成,质软而毫健。花白比较挺利,不如紫毫柔软。

2、狼毫笔这里的“狼”不是动物园里的那种狼,而是黄鼠狼。用黄鼠狼身上和尾巴上的毛制成的笔,弹性比兔毫笔稍软,比羊毫笔硬,只是质较脆,不耐摩擦。

3、鼠须笔是用老鼠的胡须做成,所以性能坚挺。相传东晋王羲之就是用鼠须笔写《兰亭序》的。

其他硬毫笔,如山马毫、石獾毫、猪鬃笔等,笔性特别坚硬,一般初学者尚未掌握运笔规律,不易选用。

②软毫笔:笔性柔软。软毫笔的弹性较小,较柔软。一般用羊毫、鸡毫、胎毫等软毫制成。

1、羊毫笔:羊毫笔是用山羊毫制成,其性能软于紫毫笔,由于羊毫较细、较长,适宜于写大楷及擘窠大字。

2、鸡毫笔:鸡毫笔是用雄鸡前胸之毛制成,其性能软于羊毫。

3、胎毫笔:胎毫是初生婴儿的头发,其性能极柔软。南朝萧子云就使用过胎毫笔,可见其历史之悠久。

③兼毫笔:笔性介于硬软毫之间。兼毫笔用硬毫、软毫集在一起,刚柔并济。

“兼毫”,顾名思义是兼而有之的意思。亦即以硬毫为核心、周边裹以软毫,笔性介于硬毫与软毫之间。一般将紫毫与羊毫按不同比例制成。比方“三紫七羊”、“七紫三羊”、和“五紫五羊”等。也有用羊毫与狼毫合二为一制成的兼毫笔,以尺寸的大小分“小白云”、“中白云”、“大白云”。也有在大羊毫斗笔中加入猪鬃,以加强其弹性。

在选择笔锋时,我们应该选择适当的长短,因为笔锋太长不易于掌握,但笔锋长可以含很多的墨水,适合写”草书“一气呵成”,笔锋长可以保证墨的够用,反之,笔锋短适合写楷书,易于掌握。 选笔时也要顾及临摹的碑帖。所谓“用某家所用的笔,又写他那一种字”。要判断所使用的是那一种笔,直接看他的字迹是最好的方法:风格健劲的,选用健毫;姿媚丰腴的,选用柔毫;刚柔难分的,则选用兼毫。笔的特性亦影响写出来的书法,如此才能臻乎书法之妙境。 还有一点是字体大小方面,写大字用大笔,写小字用小笔。小笔写大字易损笔且不能使转自如,大笔写小字则有点“杀鸡用牛刀了”。

楷体的选择

初学者可以选择欧体来进行练习,欧体可临摹书法名帖有《九成宫醴泉铭》、《化度寺碑》等各类贴,以及众多书法集字贴。供各位喜爱毛笔书法的朋友参考。

1、柳体。

柳体为唐楷中非常重要的一支,柳公权用其一生的心血,博采众长,广泛学习,吸取百家之长,形成别具一格的柳体字。结构紧凑,书法挺拔,正气凌然。对于初学者而言,选择从柳体入手,对运笔、审美、技法的提升,都非常明显。

2、颜体。

颜体与柳体同属于唐楷,为唐朝大书法家颜真卿书法真迹。颜体相比于柳体,显得饱满圆润,柳体则更加注重字体的骨感和力度。追求潇洒利索,可选择柳体;追求圆润丰满,则可选择颜体。

3、欧体。

欧阳询也是唐朝著名楷书大家,他所写书法字体,称为欧体。唐楷在中国书法文化史上的地位,几乎无可撼动。欧体体方圆兼施,以方为主,点画劲挺,笔力凝聚,也是楷书初学者不错的选择。

楷书基本笔画

一、点

头尖、尾圆、腹平、背圆。 写法:1、锋尖落纸(可先将笔舔尖,轻轻落笔)。2、向右下将笔毫向两边铺开,笔渐下渐重。3、到下半部,将笔锋稍提起,再放下向背部兜围扭动一下。4、轻快有力地从下腹出锋。

点的写法要求:顾盼生姿、向背分明。

二、横

头方(斜)尾圆,中段略细。 写法:1、笔锋先从右向左逆行。2、直(或稍斜)落笔。3、通过提按使笔锋回复中锋,沿着笔画中线向右运行,中段稍提笔。4、至结尾处笔锋稍提起,再向右下放下,像写点那样,兜围扭动一下,然后迅速有力地向左收锋。

注意:不能使劲顿笔,中段与两头也不能一样粗细,显得僵直。

三、竖

竖,起支柱作用,要求写得劲挺有力,像人胸腰挺起。基本形式有垂露竖和悬针竖两种。 垂露竖:写法:1、笔锋向上逆行。2、横(或稍斜)落笔,笔向右斜。3、笔锋轻轻向左右扭动一下,调整笔锋然后向下行笔。4、至尾部,略提锋,从左向上收锋。

悬针竖:写法与垂露竖的不同之处仅在于它在尾末要出锋。要点:像一枚针,写得粗壮,出锋不宜太长太细。

四、撇

尾部略肥和上扬,姿态舒展。 写法:1、向上逆锋而起。2、斜落笔。3、调整笔锋,让中锋缓缓行笔。4、至尾部,快而有力地出锋,使力送到撇尖。

短撇的写法:如“斤”“生”落笔后,稍作扭动,调整笔锋,快速撇出。

注意:忌“中途拔出”和“头重尾飘”,以女同志梳头的速度和力度书写撇较适宜。

汉字的笔画大多是向右向下的,右手写这些笔画都较顺手,唯独撇是向左伸展的,写起来较别扭。这是写字的重点。

五、捺

一波三折的姿态。一折:从头到颈部。二折:颈到捺脚。三折:捺脚到锋尖。一波:整笔有起有伏。像波浪。 写法:1、逆锋而起。2、轻轻向下落笔。3、略向左上起笔,至颈部,锋稍提使颈部略细。4、向右下渐渐将笔毫铺开,至捺脚处。5、轻向左推,调整笔锋,沉着痛快地扬出锋。

注意:1、捺画出线要直。2、捺脚要有力。3、笔不能向下拖。 捺和撇往往同时存在,连在一起练习为好,如“大”“来”。

六、钩

钩是其他笔画的附着物。 “竖左钩”做到平、锐、满。即竖要平,锋要锐,钩要饱满。 写好一竖将要钩出时,先将笔锋往上提,使笔毫收聚,放下,然后用力向左平推出来。

七、挑

像反向的短撇。 写法:1、逆锋而起。2、斜落笔。3、稍作扭动,调整笔锋。4、快而有力地向右上方挑出,送到笔画的尖端。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔字是指按传统法度书写的字,而不是用毛笔随意写出的字。书法是线条造型艺术。所谓毛笔笔法讲的就是怎样创造理想线条的用笔方法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5JUzO3AWAgv56aIawtVgJf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔字入门教程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn742QIVCSEbgG8n3mRErbBg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXWe7LkWsoEfDn7OMApvqGf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“把笔无定法,要使虚而宽。”五指执笔法:即以拇指和食指的指肚捏住笔杆(适当高度),保证笔杆不脱落;中指在食指下面搭在笔的外侧,既加强食指捏笔的力量,又发挥把笔往里钩的作用;无名指的甲肉之际抵在笔杆内侧,起着把笔往外推的作用;小指附在无名指的指肚下部,辅助无名指把笔往外推。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnakuNCQCVgBdROnRgpkahYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、将手掌摊开后大拇指向上,然后让无名指和小指轻轻的向内弯曲,手指弯曲时要让手掌保持平稳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9ybI9NrxGI6W7eIKmMQCJh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/befa545e35f144cb8b81db37dd26cc42","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnUZXxxPzMOlb5HPqjcJXmpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、将毛笔放在中指和无名指之间,然后中指和食指自然贴合毛笔,握笔的高度要距离笔根3-4cm。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAKtzfwu29KBun4gRV5mPpD"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/86b09b77f1fa45a38f3e3973d947208d","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnusm1ukRhLCPTkvGqaF0ncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、将大拇指放在中指和食指之间,大拇指方向朝上方放置,小指要紧挨无名指,握笔时手心要留余地,初学者最开始握毛笔可能会有所不舒服,稍加练习就会适应了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVzsmeYmb5AKk6mNF5nQ2fb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0877820102d74f1cb053caa78fe75331","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnVPyKkEeKoeq3DjaNjb1mHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"握笔时要如古人所说:“令掌虚如握卵”,这样便于运笔。学书要经常练习握笔、钩回、推出和旋转笔杆(加上腕的作用)练习画直线和弧线。执笔的高低和是否悬腕、悬肘,由所书字的大小来决定,小字低执,枕腕;大字高执,悬腕;再大则需悬肘。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOoKidkInVXKaWXHu93Zwc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b050f8bb6e864f23a49ec87220c6ad2f","width":450},"text":"","id":"doxcnrgoCqwg2jilOJF66wiCrrG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"磨墨","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhyawZFdshTaLao86nvFFBd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、以清水逐渐加入","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTWMSaRL170H2FtfKBcyE8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"研墨需加清水,若水中混有杂质,则磨出来的墨就不纯了。至于加水,最先不宜过多,以免将墨浸软,或墨汁四溅,以逐渐加入为宜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGujsTS5MnXDQKcQ0fwwqkT"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":305,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"1、以清水逐渐加入","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/50151b758b344f5293f9246eaf1f840d","width":580},"text":"","id":"doxcnbaIoq7GB0puhZkBq0dCK4d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、力匀而急缓适中","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnX8H4Ak8lhr11fnR7NVZRh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"磨墨时用力过轻过重,太急太缓,墨汁皆必粗而不匀。用力过轻,速度太缓,浪费时间且墨浮;用力过重,速度过急,则墨粗而生沬,色亦无光。正确的方法应该是「指按推用力」,轻重有节,切莫太急。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnH0VugBpmnsjCzBOukdQ2jd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":225,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"2、力匀而急缓适中","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5f32fc836e7649d9a7e7b5bea2bda527","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcns67Dcx686BOupv1g0JgSSe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"3","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、随磨随用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIWYZkUNXUgGC6vbo1oEpFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用墨必需新磨,因墨汁若放置一日以上,胶与煤逐渐脱离,墨光既乏光彩,又不能持久,故以宿墨作书,极易褪色。而市面上所售的现成墨汁,有些胶重滞笔,有些则浓度太低,落纸极易化开,防腐剂又多,易损笔锋,不宜采用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn56wiDP9W0JAmi8HYrDgwxc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":502,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"3","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"、随磨随用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6b7a7fa807724707b720d973bd90bd88","width":640},"text":"","id":"doxcn0O5vY37O7iuuZ8fiGkON4e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneahoKiaHwYTgNX0Fdsumah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习毛笔字没有薄纸临摹,可以用宣纸、毛边纸、报纸等,最好是用宣纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhxJoqJjYE6EGXClvhdEkIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用宣纸题字作画,墨韵清晰,层次分明,骨气兼蓄,气势溢秀,浓而不浑,淡而不灰,其字其画,跃然纸上,神采飞扬,飞目生辉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOiIoGtNOhMYzRKSRejX6d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":267,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2131e7b8ff8549f4a90f9983e55e46f3","width":467},"text":"","id":"doxcnyvr67I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学习书法,就是学习书法中动静关系。可以说,选择楷书作为书法入,是实用和艺术并重的最佳选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZxnOT4DqBLdfkKpL8hiJ4f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的选择","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNgXcqx83yrmnLxTSyDj1Pe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"写毛笔字也是一门艺术,毛笔字最重要的就是遇到合适的毛笔,这样用起来也是比较顺手的。毛笔有长的有短的,毛尖不一样,手感不一样写出来的字的感觉也是不一样的,选择合适的即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPI473izeNmpriSGRmsOWxe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":576,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的选择","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f2781582d729408ea9c497bd1c7494e8","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcn9Q7yi2Zi1VXsTQ8lu8IZi0"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"支","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"好的毛笔要具备“尖、齐、圆、健”四德。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":" ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYISCtlEA9XSmUEuEV9uKee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"尖:笔毫聚合时,笔锋要能收尖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfALC3qlBKwZ9HonalPUAfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"齐:将笔头沾水捏扁,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"笔端","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"的毛整齐无不齐现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4u8iUPlQdFF8yjiqayFzJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"圆:笔肚周围,笔毫饱满圆润,呈圆锥状,不扁不瘦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxuqguujexwoiOIB360S3Vf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"健:笔毛有弹性,笔毛铺开后易于收拢,笔力要健。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8ZO1bjOF58087NHUt1UWxb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类很多,在初次学习时,希望你选用“兼毫”的湖笔。因为兼毫的湖笔,笔芯硬,易于掌握,对你以后的学习很重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn95rGSeE17KLrOPaw8KdQof"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqPR4G6OwmGp1uTcBMH22Oc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①硬毫笔:笔性刚健,毛弹性较大,常见的有兔毫、狼毫、鼠须、石獾毫、山马毫、猪鬃等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5smnNMDKbuWYp9wYTWIPCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、兔毫笔历史悠久,在长沙出土的战国笔就是用兔毫制成的。它是将笔干一头劈开数片,把笔头插入后再用丝线紧扎而成。兔毫又分紫毫和花白两种。紫毫是取兔子背脊(又称箭毫)和尾巴上的毫毛制成,质软而毫健。花白比较挺利,不如紫毫柔软。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnzROTpX0kgTcMH6mNzuzOf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":458,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/11c63bc3b3154df08d99a1188b5780d2","width":750},"text":"","id":"doxcnqryAL7ezrjuruBxiavdQvc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、狼毫笔这里的“狼”不是动物园里的那种狼,而是黄鼠狼。用黄鼠狼身上和尾巴上的毛制成的笔,弹性比兔毫笔稍软,比羊毫笔硬,只是质较脆,不耐摩擦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUOgqPfoxvu8WjaWsqPbDWc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f09ee2547d284ee4846304b273948b0f","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn1g3sVJVyT72OMmZxHsxOLg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、鼠须笔是用老鼠的胡须做成,所以性能坚挺。相传东晋王羲之就是用鼠须笔写《兰亭序》的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkTZQofo3EXeOV25bAtFYQg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/baae379a883f4faf8e89f1e34f7c7840","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn9aooHGTXUvUZ4qyg6pr2Bd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他硬毫笔,如山马毫、石獾毫、猪鬃笔等,笔性特别坚硬,一般初学者尚未掌握运笔规律,不易选用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneVbzPG9W3iBqK5hl4Xd3We"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②软毫笔:笔性柔软。软毫笔的弹性较小,较柔软。一般用羊毫、鸡毫、胎毫等软毫制成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndNc7MJ8gn4AnYt9Xu3JlrT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、羊毫笔:羊毫笔是用山羊毫制成,其性能软于紫毫笔,由于羊毫较细、较长,适宜于写大楷及擘窠大字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuWLP9wBkUdjjQhtTslG1zc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1758fef3e9584b42994f1196ffe4e1f7","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcn74WVZGp5fvHFMLvGF4uB6f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、鸡毫笔:鸡毫笔是用雄鸡前胸之毛制成,其性能软于羊毫。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncnrbCAXbVmERodmjCgIFzf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ac25accc98794756a7a123fb0d454cb9","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcndJ4GXM92Xb7LvNdvxj5q5t"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、胎毫笔:胎毫是初生婴儿的头发,其性能极柔软。南朝","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"萧子云","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"就使用过胎毫笔,可见其历史之悠久。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKn44Uo3XGTN4DWYTe2EZ9b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6d3ff2cf2ccd4832af63a3b79d414c79","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcncw7bXSJk6VPixt7CaW9Xkb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③兼毫笔:笔性介于硬软毫之间。兼毫笔用硬毫、软毫集在一起,刚柔并济。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn78rdo5PU1egndjc5rTk7td"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"“兼毫”,顾名思义是兼而有之的意思。亦即以硬毫为核心、周边裹以软毫,笔性介于硬毫与软毫之间。一般将紫毫与羊毫按不同比例制成。比方“三紫七羊”、“七紫三羊”、和“五紫五羊”等。也有用羊毫与狼毫合二为一制成的兼毫笔,以尺寸的大小分“小白云”、“中白云”、“大白云”。也有在大羊毫斗笔中加入猪鬃,以加强其弹性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjYZmUCiA7hMuvSMIBYkbBg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"毛笔的种类","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7f40adef05a942dc94a06cc86da6fe73","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnUVtvBgBxiJnjhSELGFlyIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在选择笔锋时,我们应该选择适当的长短,因为笔锋太长不易于掌握,但笔锋长可以含很多的墨水,适合写”草书“一气呵成”,笔锋长可以保证墨的够用,反之,笔锋短适合写楷书,易于掌握。\\n选笔时也要顾及临摹的碑帖。所谓“用某家所用的笔,又写他那一种字”。要判断所使用的是那一种笔,直接看他的字迹是最好的方法:风格健劲的,选用健毫;姿媚丰腴的,选用柔毫;刚柔难分的,则选用兼毫。笔的特性亦影响写出来的书法,如此才能臻乎书法之妙境。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"还有一点是字体大小方面,写大字用大笔,写小字用小笔。小笔写大字易损笔且不能使转自如,大笔写小字则有点“杀鸡用牛刀了”。","id":""}],"text":"","id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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVg5oJvuWFhXpTHRHo1qPFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"柳体为唐楷中非常重要的一支,柳公权用其一生的心血,博采众长,广泛学习,吸取百家之长,形成别具一格的柳体字。结构紧凑,书法挺拔,正气凌然。对于初学者而言,选择从柳体入手,对运笔、审美、技法的提升,都非常明显。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8JXKeHmiJyjT1m61eqtT6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":254,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"楷体的选择","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4f567bfedd644e82af8686d2599c93a5","width":617},"text":"","id":"doxcn7nI9Kn1mEeG718zT7RgzEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、颜体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4kBcm34jawb2nQ9OxfxLpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颜体与柳体同属于唐楷,为唐朝大书法家颜真卿书法真迹。颜体相比于柳体,显得饱满圆润,柳体则更加注重字体的骨感和力度。追求潇洒利索,可选择柳体;追求圆润丰满,则可选择颜体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn7RaMba2tlJFM29xAUyLv7d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":467,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"楷体的选择","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/45b3406663af41c8b05934e7794f9128","width":749},"text":"","id":"doxcnjeDMerBlAdn1PES9qJIMdh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、欧体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxta6D42eL7HCaVD8zxaW0d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"欧阳询也是唐朝著名楷书大家,他所写书法字体,称为欧体。唐楷在中国书法文化史上的地位,几乎无可撼动。欧体体方圆兼施,以方为主,点画劲挺,笔力凝聚,也是楷书初学者不错的选择。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4oP7NpNMwdJ9CoPfLlQmTb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"楷体的选择","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9ea09b45c17d45369272cadb7e64a734","width":554},"text":"","id":"doxcnWqDdkRJPLXNG4OFmc3zyph"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书基本笔画","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnn33HXdEJ6ZwSvYhU2ed91e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBUWbCYy0GaK7KnX6t7rlDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"头尖、尾圆、腹平、背圆。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"写法:1、锋尖落纸(可先将笔舔尖,轻轻落笔)。2、向右下将笔毫向两边铺开,笔渐下渐重。3、到下半部,将笔锋稍提起,再放下向背部兜围扭动一下。4、轻快有力地从下腹出锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncngnlJxsFa2o03hbqp6rOe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":600,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"一、点","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c902311756c34b349073a0518a66fee1","width":900},"text":"","id":"doxcnONP8m2Vq8Oh0sUfpkQaVab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"点的写法要求:顾盼生姿、向背分明。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnTZJlWqvko3MEXoBE3KPkJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、横","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGqPo1vbMltDwPhAlqoZf7n"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"头方(斜)尾圆,中段略细。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"写法:1、笔锋先从右向左逆行。2、直(或稍斜)落笔。3、通过提按使笔锋回复中锋,沿着笔画中线向右运行,中段稍提笔。4、至结尾处笔锋稍提起,再向右下放下,像写点那样,兜围扭动一下,然后迅速有力地向左收锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneeX1IJDUjzARH4q1fk7kPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:不能使劲顿笔,中段与两头也不能一样粗细,显得僵直。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnslEMzb5aqUFWQytHVswu9d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":774,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"二、横","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/704fbe7db0424ea6bbcce59ed1862719","width":800},"text":"","id":"doxcnVuuqvBj11AZEqwpbRgZ3Sh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、竖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbVtybQAAD1LEMqJgAD5ild"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"竖,起支柱作用,要求写得劲挺有力,像人胸腰挺起。基本形式有垂露竖和悬针竖两种。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"垂露竖:写法:1、笔锋向上逆行。2、横(或稍斜)落笔,笔向右斜。3、笔锋轻轻向左右扭动一下,调整笔锋然后向下行笔。4、至尾部,略提锋,从左向上收锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnnxTVSqxNPeJnzB99H1tHKh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":676,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"三、竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0ffade7b1612421dbad78118b896b2eb","width":884},"text":"","id":"doxcnnlerDTqHN8QUhHIDa6eRxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"悬针竖:写法与垂露竖的不同之处仅在于它在尾末要出锋。要点:像一枚针,写得粗壮,出锋不宜太长太细。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn45irM2eVwPgck1XwoWinvf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":364,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"三、竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ef4f650e6f344ec0a509c16c4d5ffb34","width":522},"text":"","id":"doxcn1WneovME0GFq0dJjdl6xSh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、撇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk0MjEcs75jqPVfMTsl0j6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"尾部略肥和上扬,姿态舒展。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"写法:1、向上逆锋而起。2、斜落笔。3、调整笔锋,让中锋缓缓行笔。4、至尾部,快而有力地出锋,使力送到撇尖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKHLBeQHqoW5lFSymF3guPf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":734,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"四、撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c34f50847845490091494e17d2c30cb3","width":998},"text":"","id":"doxcnzBoySvGBNlnLhss24ggyIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"短撇的写法:如“斤”“生”落笔后,稍作扭动,调整笔锋,快速撇出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIvchwZD2yyjF8biIL11Hwg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"四、撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d41171d56c5349abb6cd55acefe9af2c","width":368},"text":"","id":"doxcn9P4drfUfFgnC4NUa2tNfNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:忌“中途拔出”和“头重尾飘”,以女同志梳头的速度和力度书写撇较适宜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlMnbEcL0HSxf8H40RBzKFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"汉字的笔画大多是向右向下的,右手写这些笔画都较顺手,唯独撇是向左伸展的,写起来较别扭。这是写字的重点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJ7bNPotGn4xYX87Uuwaoze"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"五、捺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnn37Qwryis2MqX2PFUPcZ9f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一波三折的姿态。一折:从头到颈部。二折:颈到捺脚。三折:捺脚到锋尖。一波:整笔有起有伏。像波浪。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"写法:1、逆锋而起。2、轻轻向下落笔。3、略向左上起笔,至颈部,锋稍提使颈部略细。4、向右下渐渐将笔毫铺开,至捺脚处。5、轻向左推,调整笔锋,沉着痛快地扬出锋。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS6AJbZCTWP8TbC8iKHPxhT"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":360,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"五、捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27c6ab71f4ae4680922487870efb841f","width":368},"text":"","id":"doxcnhr7PeQvNNe9igtuYUBovlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:1、捺画出线要直。2、捺脚要有力。3、笔不能向下拖。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"捺和撇往往同时存在,连在一起练习为好,如“大”“来”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuPAqtqfg8tSzUe9e95nu5o"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"六、钩","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQfnQDlnbVU4Eu3rP7FCDuz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钩是其他笔画的附着物。\\n“竖左钩”做到平、锐、满。即竖要平,锋要锐,钩要饱满。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"写好一竖将要钩出时,先将笔锋往上提,使笔毫收聚,放下,然后用力向左平推出来。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW1prVVEYvZhAtOOOyiNh3e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":680,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"六、钩","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a35004b2a33e4a988627f770e8085777","width":792},"text":"","id":"doxcnHzXErHRQierv5MlWSPo7Gg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"七、挑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMNtx304ST4tSLgb27jTrTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"像反向的短撇。\\n","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"写法:1、逆锋而起。2、斜落笔。3、稍作扭动,调整笔锋。4、快而有力地向右上方挑出,送到笔画的尖端。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMBpBts0Qt63ZtKAUKALSGg"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E

4. 全自动匀胶机

一、主要成分不同

1、海绵胶

主要成分丙烯酸、环氧、聚氨酯。

2、万能胶

常见的万能胶的主要成分为氯丁胶,一般采用苯、甲苯、二甲苯作为溶剂。

二、使用方法不同

1、海绵胶

一液是本胶,一液是硬化剂,两液相混才能硬化。使用时。需将A胶和B胶以目测1:1比例重叠涂布,或在一个被粘件涂A胶,另一被粘件涂B胶,然后粘在一起。

2、万能胶

一般物料涂一遍胶即可。对于多孔性物料,需涂胶2—3遍。

三、特点不同

1、海绵胶

海绵胶的具有很高的粘接强度,在贴合30分钟后可达到最高强度的50%,24小时后达最高强度。在-60℃-100℃的环境可使用。但是也存在一些不足,如固化时间长、手工混合不匀造成固化不良、气味比较重等等不足。

2、万能胶

具有良好的耐油、耐溶剂和耐化学试剂,粘接范围广、使用方便的性能。万能胶能在短时间内形成良好粘力,但要达到最大强度需要3—5天时间,在冬季低于-15℃时,有可能出现凝胶现象,影响其使用,但经加热至15℃-30℃后,可恢复原状。

四、适用范围不同

1、海绵胶

多用于工业。

2、万能胶

粘接范围广,一般均可用于木材、铝塑板、皮革、人造革、塑料、橡胶、金属等软硬材料的粘接。

5. 匀胶机价格

匀胶机、烘胶台广泛应用于半导体工艺、MEMS工艺、薄膜工艺、芯片堆叠、传感器工艺及先进封装领域。

6. 匀胶机报价

据他们自己说,他们的技术产品在国内是一流的。

公司在沈阳浑南,外面看着还不错。属于高科技产业吧。

7. sc-1b匀胶机说明书

对于很多热爱播音的人来说,学习播音不仅能让人具备更好的表达能力、思考能力、沟通能力、组织协调以及领导能力,而且学得好,可以实现当播音主持的梦想。那么如何学播音呢?

什么是播音

播音定义

播音的定义有广义和狭义的区分。

广义:指电台、电视台等电子传媒所进行的一切有关声音语言和副语言传播信息的活动。

狭义:播音员和节目主持人运用有声语言和副语言,通过广播电视传媒进行传播信息的创作。

播音的要求

发音正确,吐字正确。

用标准的普通话播读,特别要注意多音多义字,古诗文中特别要注意按意定音。不添字不少字不读破句,朗读清晰完整。

语速适当,用心感受

要抓住文章特点,使节奏流利和谐,缓急结合。

语调生动,轻重适宜

根据需要,分出轻重缓急,分清抑扬顿挫,表达出文章的思想感情。

播音学习技巧

对播音员而言,具备良好的语言表达能力犹如进入这一行的钥匙,假如无法打开这道门,就无法担任播音主持的工作。想要具备娴熟的语言表达能力、专业化的播音能力,就需播音员通过长时间努力练习及不断探索

普通话标准

普通话标准是播音主持上岗的基本条件,如何达到普通话标准呢?主要可以从以下几个方面着手。

声母

声母包含b、p、m、f、d、t、n、l、g、k、h、j、q、x、z、c、s、zh、ch、shi、r

声母按发音部位的分7类:

1、双唇阻:上唇与下唇成阻。下唇向上运动与上唇接触,双唇闭拢成阻。双唇阻声母有b、p、m。

2、唇齿阻:上门齿与下唇成阻。上唇稍抬,稍露出上齿,下唇向上,唇缘线与上门齿靠拢、接触成阻。唇齿阻声母有f。

3、舌尖前阻:舌尖与上门齿背成阻。舌尖平伸,与上门齿背接触或接近成阻。舌尖前阻声母有z、c、s。

4、舌尖中阻:舌尖与上门齿龈成阻。舌尖向前上方抬起与上门齿龈接触、抵住成阻。舌尖中阻声母有d、t、n、l。

5、舌尖后阻:舌尖与前硬腭成阻。舌体稍向后缩,舌尖向上方翘起,与硬腭前部接触或接近成阻。舌尖后阻声母有zh、ch、sh、r。

6、舌面阻:舌面前部与硬腭前部成阻。舌尖向下前伸抵住下齿背,舌面向上抬起,接触或接近硬腭前部成阻。舌面阻声母有j、q、x。

7、舌根阻:舌根与硬腭软腭交界处成阻。舌体后缩,舌根隆起与硬腭和软腭交界处接触或接近成阻。舌根阻声母有g、k、h。

韵母

按汉语语音学的传统分析方法,把汉语音节中声母以后的部分叫韵母。韵母由单元音或复合音充当,普通话中有39个别韵母。

1、10个单韵母:a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü、-i(前)、-i(后)、er

2、13个复韵母:ai、ei、ao、ou、ia、ie、ua、uo、üe、iao、iou、uai、uei

3、16个鼻韵母8前8后:an、en、in、ün、ian、uan、üan、uen、

ang、eng、ing、ong、iong、iang、uang、ueng

调值

声调是汉语音节结构中不可缺少的成分,它同声母、韵母一样,有区别意义的作用。

调值是指音节声调的相对音高。调值通常采用“五度标记法”记录,用一条竖线表示声音的高低,从下面最低点到最高点共分为五度,分别用1、2、3、4、5依次表示。

普通话各类声调的调值为:

阴平:高平调,55

阳平:高升调,35

上声:降升调,214

去声:全降调,51

练习方法

1、练习绕口令

通过绕口令练习,可以提高口语能力,把握住文字发音音准,学好拼音字母,掌握发音部位,反复进行训练,让自己普通话的发音准确度更高。

2、制定训练计划

要有计划的进行普通话训练,了解自己的基础,制定合理的计划,规定每天的练习量,以周为单位,在不断训练中查找不足,并不断提升。

3、掌握训练要领

坚持用普通话进行日常会话,可以读一些报纸上的文章,或者拿出词典,多多进行发音练习,提高发音准度。

气息控制

气息控制是播音从业人员需要达到的最基本要求。

播音发声气息的要求

一、持久的气息控制能力

气息控制是作为一个播音员的基本的条件,如果播音员播一篇长篇的稿件时要求声音由始至终保持一定力度,不减不衰,从容不迫,这就要求对气息有持久的控制能力。

二、气息控制要有稳劲儿

播音员要根据节目内容的要求调节气息压力,该强就强、该弱就弱,吸气量要大于日常说话,呼气时要保持较为稳定的压力,调节自如。

三、能做到快吸慢呼,并能根据需要及时补气

播音语言,一般句子长度比口语长,结构比较复杂,间歇比口语少而短。要把每个句子播得完整而有层次,就需要按照句子结构用气,绝不能因气不够用而停下来吸气,要求播音员呼气的持续时间要尽量长,而且要掌握在句子进行中补气、偷气的技巧。

四、做到短时间无声吸气

即要求播音员能作较长时间的呼气及保持一定的气息压力,吸气量就必须比平常大一些,吸气速度快一些,播音员依靠话筒传声,话筒灵敏度高,很容易混入吸气的杂音。而吸气杂音多,会给人不从容的感觉,甚至会使人厌烦。因而,播音员必须学会在短时间内吸气无声。

五、呼气时要注意的两点

1、尽量保持两助张开支撑感(实际仍会塌下收回一些)。

2、着重体会,在这种呼吸肌的配合中、靠腹肌收缩往外送气流的感觉。这一步练习主要体会胸腹联合式呼吸方式中,腹肌参与吸气、呼气控制、特别是收腹呼气的感觉。随着呼吸控制能力及隔肌与腹肌配合能力的增强,吸气量可加大到八、九成满,只需注意呼气时,仍不要有明显地“扼喉”感。

播音发声气息控制具体实施方法

没有气息,声带不能颤动发声。但只是声带发出声音是不够的。想要嗓音富于弹性、耐久,需要的是源源不断供给声带气流。

一、胸腹联合呼吸法

吸气后两肋扩大,横膈膜下降,小腹微收。胸腹联合呼吸法是朗读时应该掌握的方法。这种呼吸活动范围大、伸缩性强,可以使气息均匀平衡。理想的状态是做到“吸气一大片、呼气一条线;气断情不断,声断意不断”。

练习方法:

1、慢吸慢呼,双目平视前方、头正、肩放松,像在旷野呼吸花香一样,慢慢吸足气。要感觉到腰腹之间充气膨胀,气入丹田,但是要收小腹,保持几秒后,轻缓呼出。

可以在呼气的时候加入以下练习:呼气时练习xiao lan(拼音小兰),一声声渐渐远去,或者数数1、2、3、4……,嘴上用力,发音之间不要闭住声门,不要跑气换气,数得越多越好。

2、快吸慢呼,快速短促地吸气,并保持气息,呼气时缓缓呼出,配合声音,平稳均匀。

呼气时,可以通过以下发声练习:巴、拔、把、爸、低、答、底、大。

换气时,可以进行以下练习:广场上,红旗飘,看你能数多少旗,一面旗、两面旗、三面旗、四面、五面旗……,相声小品里的“数来宝”经常用这个形式,大家可以观察演员的呼吸。

二、强控制练习

要求气要吸得深并保持一定量,呼气要均匀、通畅、灵活。强控制练习需要一点声乐练习知识,在这里不好介绍。大家可以回想:《智取威虎山》里杨子荣喝酒唱歌那一段,最后结尾有个“啊—哈、哈、哈、哈哈哈……”基本的感觉就是这样。要体会膈肌和腹肌的作用,发声的时候气息是应该下沉的。

参考练习诗词:岳飞《满江红》、毛泽东《忆秦娥·娄山关》、陈然《我的“自白”书》,新闻联播播音员在播报简讯的时候,一般都用强控制。

三、弱控制练习

1、吸气深呼气匀。缓慢持续地发出ai、uai、uang、iang四个音。

2、夸大声调,延长发音,控制气息。花红柳绿H—ua、H—ong、L—iu、L—v(发音时,声母和韵母之间气息拉长,要均匀、不断气)。

3、通过夸大连续,控制气息,扩展音域。

参考练习诗词:李白《静夜思》、孟浩然《春晓》等。气息控制训练可以把握“深(吸得深)、匀(呼得匀)、通(气通畅)、活(用灵活)”四字方针,注意气息和内容的结合。单纯的语音、气息训练效果并不好,需要大家在实际朗读过程中不断体会、运用。

共鸣控制

共鸣对于播音发声的重要性体现在播音是以言语发声的过程,要想声音圆润集中,需要改变共鸣条件。

共鸣控制要领

根据解剖学原理,共鸣器官能够受控并随意活动的是软腭、咽部和舌部,共鸣控制主要关注这三部门肌肉的活动组成结果。

1、提起颧肌

颧肌稍带紧张感,使该部位肌肉向外上方稍稍提起,这就是提颧肌。提颧肌能使我们的发音更清晰、明亮。

2、打开牙

指双侧上后槽牙保持向上提起的感觉。这样就加大了口腔开度丰富了共鸣。考生可以用含有“Q”的音节来做夸张的练习,将会取得明显效果。

3、放松下巴

下巴紧张会导致舌根和喉头的紧张,进而导致发声吃力,声音也将发紧,有意的放松下巴就会使我们的发声吐字更加自如。

共鸣分类及训练

1、口腔共鸣:口腔共鸣的获得是要在发音时,口腔自然上下打开,笑肌微提,下腭自然放下稍后拉,上腭有上提的感觉。口腔共鸣发声最主要的一点,是发声的时候鼻咽要关闭,不产生鼻泄露。

通过下列练习大家可以体会一下,基本都是以开口元音为主练习:ba、da、ga、pa、ta、ka、peng、pa、pi、pu、pai。普通话的四个声调,准确的叫法是第一声—阴平,第二声—阳平,第三声—上声,第四声—去声。我们在进行声音训练的时候,多用阴平声调进行,这样有利于体会声音和气息。

词组练习:澎湃、冰雹、拍照、平静、批评,哗啦啦、噼啪啪、咣啷啷、扑嗵嗵、胡噜噜、快乐、宣纸、挫折、菊花、捐助、吹捧。

绕口令:山上五株树,架上五壶醋,林中五只鹿,柜中五条裤,伐了山上树,取下架上醋,捉住林中鹿,拿出柜中裤。

2、鼻腔共鸣:鼻腔共鸣是声波在鼻骨上的振动,即将声音的焦点定位在鼻腔。

鼻腔共鸣是通过软腭来实现的,标准的鼻辅音m,n和ng就是这样发声的。有人觉得鼻音重显得声音好听、有厚度,但是过多的鼻音有如感冒,是不好的。发a、i、u的音,加点鼻腔共鸣体会,加鼻辅音ma、mi、mu、na、ni、nu。

词组练习:妈妈、光芒、中央、接纳、头脑。

蓝蓝的天上白云飘,白云下面马儿跑,挥动鞭儿响四方,百鸟齐飞翔。

3、胸腔共鸣:是指声带振动激起气管内空气柱振动而传送到肺再扩及整个胸腔引起共振产生的整个共鸣包括横隔膜以上至气管顶端的整个脑区。

胸腔的空间及共鸣能量大,发出的声音有深度和宽度,声音更浑厚、宽广。“a”元音直上、直下、滑动练习。词组练习:百炼成钢、翻江倒海、追悔莫及。

小柳树满地栽,金花谢,银花开。

声音的弹性

声音弹性,是指播音时声音形式对不同播讲内容和形式的适应能力。声音弹性包括声音的高与低、强与弱、实与虚、明与暗、刚与柔、厚与薄、纵与收等多层次对比变化。

声音弹性的特点

1、可变性,不同语调和情感。

2、对比性,有起有伏。

3、复合性,不会单独存在,是多种结合的,如虚低,高实。

声音弹性训练方法

1、虚实练习

虚实练声方法是:吸一口气,然后屏住呼吸,让声门保持在闭合状态,开始发音,此时声音是响亮的实声。然后逐渐打开声门,声音由明亮到柔和的音色变化,这个时候注意体会喉咙的感觉,刚柔、厚薄、明暗等变化。

2、高低声练习

a、i、u由低音向上滑动,再从高音向下滑动。

这个练习主要可以锻炼自己对于音色的精细识别能力和控制能力,可以在自己不断的练习中感受。可以进行不同音高的朗读练习。用一句话,或一首诗,变化着不同的音高来进行练习。

如:“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。”

先用习惯音高朗读一遍,然后逐渐降低音调朗读,读到不太能胜任的音高时又逐渐提高音调读,也是读到自己还能胜任的最高音为止。

3、强弱练习

远距离对话练习,练习时随时改变距离。

甲:喂—,喂—,小芳—

乙:嗳—

甲:快—来—啊—

乙:怎么了—呀—

甲:一起去看—电—影—吧

乙:好—啊!

夸张声音练习法:注意加大运动幅度,用丹田气发声。

快板是最明显的例子,想象说快板的演员发声的状态,自己找一段快板试试,体会声音的弹性。

4、练唱音阶法

声音音高与声带张力成正比例。

如果想提高音高,就须加强声带张力。反之则减弱。所以,进行音高的变化练习能有效地发展和增强声带伸缩变化的控制能力。

其中最有效的练习办法是利用钢琴来练唱音阶,在自己力所能及的音域内半度半度地下降,半度半度地上升,进行反复练习。没有条件的则可借鉴京剧演员喊嗓子的练声法,做绕音练习,从基础音开始,逐渐地向高、低音两头扩展。

发音中的情声气

语言是传递信息和交流思想情感的工具,存在于人际交流的有声语言情感,语声和气息是一个系统中的几个方面。

情:是指在播音过程中播音员服务于播,讲目的由具体稿件或者话题引发,并由有声语言表达出来,始终运动着情感情,情我们进行播音创作的依据。

声:声是播音员依据稿件或话题,使发声器官运用播音技巧所发出的表达思想情感包含大量信息,并通过电声设备进行传播,经过科学训练的规范化艺术化的有声语言。

气:气指的是在播音过程中未时有声,语言传情达意,播音员所控制自如使用胸腹式联合呼吸法所获得的发生动力。

情声气要求

1、情感需要具备最丰富的并能随时调动起来的思想情感,一方面播音员节目主持人要不断的加强自己的修养,锻炼和培养自己的政治艺术素养,使自己具备宽广的胸怀、纯真的情操、美好的憧憬、深邃的境界、蓬勃的志趣、灵动的活力等等,另一方面调动起来的运动者的思想情感一定要服从于稿件或话题的界定,服务于播讲目的。

2、对声音的要求是要能够充分的表达各类不同稿件所确定的不同层次,不同色彩的情感,能清晰明确的传递稿件所载有的所有信息,并具有各自声音形象特点。

3、播音发声对气息的要求是能符合播音员进行播音创作的要求,有一定力度呼吸控制自如完美的配合发声的气息。

总之,情感要取其高声音要取其中气息,要取其深以达到自整,腔圆清晰持久,刚柔自如声情并茂的境地。

发声练习常见的问题及矫正方法

虚声过多

主要表现:声音不实在,有些无力,没有足够的亮度和响度。

矫正方法:虚声过多的学生,要注意锻炼唇舌的力度,练习一些响亮实在的词语和绕口令,如“百步穿杨”“中国伟大”等力度较大的词组,以及绕口令《八百标兵》《白庙和白猫》等。新闻播音当中,基本以实声为主,一般不出现虚声,而且换气声不要太大。

声音过于靠后

主要表现:声音沉重,不明亮。发声过程中也容易疲劳和不适。

矫正方法:注意“两头紧中间松”,口腔和小腹加强控制,喉部保持松弛。舌根要灵活,不要太生硬。注意与口腔共鸣的调节方法相结合。

鼻音偏重

主要表现:声音暗淡,不响亮,影响语言的清晰度。

矫正方法:注意软腭挺起,牙关打开,减少过多的气流经过鼻腔。克服口腔、双唇的无力状态,保持积极的播音状态,不可过于懒散。

声音分散

主要表现:声音不集中,不饱满,冲击力不强。

矫正方法:在发声的时候注意嘴唇中间三分之一部分用力,力量不可过于分散。注意气流冲击硬腭前端,也就是我们说的声挂硬腭,使声音更集中,更有冲击力。

缺乏弹性

主要表现:声音缺乏变化,没有抑扬顿挫的对比。

矫正方法:加强对比训练,包括高与低,快与慢的对比训练等。高与低的训练,可以练习声音的爬高与降低。比如“伟大的祖国,伟大的人民”这句话,可以先逐渐升高地说,然后再逐级下降地说,体会声音的高低变化,丰富声音的层次。快与慢的训练,可以用不同速度来说一句话。比如“班干部不管班干部”这句话,可以分别用快速和慢速来练习,体会快与慢的变化。声音弹性的获得还需要情感的支撑,加强情声气结合。

日常学习方法

朗读朗诵

读书,大声读书。天天坚持朗读文章,既训练咬字敏捷清楚,又能掌握更多文学常识,更关键的是对播音大有益处,清喉扩胸,纳乾坤之气,成皓然之身。需要多读相关著作文章,每日坚持朗读三十分钟以上。

录像练习

倘若时间需要,每过一阵子,把声音和演讲内容进行视频拍摄,接着反复观看,探讨哪里存在问题导致卡壳,姿势和神情是否不自然,久而久之,口才以及心态表现都会有明显进步。

速读

找来一则演说稿或一则其辞优美散文片段。先把原文中不明白的字、词弄明白,接着开始朗读。通常刚开始朗读速率比较慢,之后逐次逐次加快,直到你能够做到的最快速率。朗读过程中不可以有间断,读音要准确无误,咬字要清楚,要尽可能保证发音的完整。速读一定要建立在咬字清楚、读音干净整齐的前提上。大伙儿都有听过体育频道的解说员的解说,他们的解说就让人有快而不乱的感觉,每个字、每个音都发得十分清楚,没有含混不清的地方。播音希望做到的快也就是这种快,咬字清楚,而不是只为快而快。

即兴读物

日常余暇时,随意拿张旧报纸,随机翻到一段话,接着一鼓作气读下来。在朗读过程中,尽量控制上半句看稿子,下半句离开稿子看前面(假设前面有听众)。长此以往能加强记忆力,提高理解和即兴构思能力。

转述法

转述法就是把他人说的话重新地讲述一次。需要找一位伙伴一同进行。第一步,请另一方随便讲一个话题,亦或是故事。自己需注意聆听。然后再向另一方转述一次。练习在于训练语言的衔接性、实地临场发挥能力以及语言表达组织能力。倘若能面对观众转述就更佳,还能够训练你的胆量,摆脱焦虑不安心理。

模仿

大多数人自小便会模仿父母或大人说话。实际上模仿的过程也是一种学习。儿时学讲话是向父母及身边人学习。那么,练习口才同样也可以利用模仿法,对有相关专场的人模仿,如电视主持。久而久之,口语表达能力也会有所提高。

①模仿特定个人。生活上找一位语言表达能力强的人,请他讲些精彩说话,拍摄下来,供你进行模仿。也可以把你喜欢又适合模仿的主播、艺人、相声家等的表演记录下来进行模仿。

嗓音的保护

科学练声

1、练声过程必须按照:“以情带声、以声传情、以情运气、气随情动;以情用声、声随情变;声情并茂、传情达意”的要求来进行。

2、在练习时,要注意发“暖声”,状态应该积极热情,面部呈“似微笑”状。同时还应该把握住练声的顺序,那就是—声音由小到大、由弱渐强、由低至高、由近及远、由实转虚、由短到长、由柔到刚。有些人在用声时喉部负担过重,有的胸口僵硬、气息沉不下来,还有的人声音过刚过直等等,这类要尽快改掉毛病,掌握科学的发声方法,通过大量练习完成量变到质变的过程。

3、避免超时超量超负荷运作,一般来说,晨练控制在20分钟至半小时为宜,主要目的是把嗓子练开、练舒服,切不可盲目加大嗓音运动量。在嗓音疲劳的时候,可以用气泡音来帮助消除疲劳。气泡音是弱气流冲击声带,声带在压力最自然的状态下发出的音,是一种很好的声带保健方法。

它的具体做法是这样的,喉要放松,喉结处于适中的位置,气吸到五到七成,发出比较明亮的颗粒性比较强的气泡音。最好以“啊”音的延长音作为练习材料【a----------】【a----------】【a-------------】。如果一时发不好,可以反复做几次伸舌的动作,把舌头用力地向外伸,张大口,这样可以起到调节喉结紧张度的作用。在喉部松弛的情况下再来发音。气泡音在练声前发可以起到活动开声带的作用,在练声后发能起到保健按摩的作用。在练声前后常做此练习可以有效的提高发声的效率。

日常注意事项

1、根据自身的嗓音条件,扬长避短、量力而行、循序渐进、持之以恒。一般来说,只要方法科学,练习得法,好嗓子是可以练出来的。

2、增强体育锻炼。发音器官健康与否,很大程度上取决于身体的健康状况。对于播音员主持人以及其他学习者来说,适当的增强耐力性的体育锻炼,例如跑步等等,能有效地提高我们呼吸肌肉群对于气息的控制力,从而大大提高发声的效率。

3、睡眠要充足,睡眠不足会引起声带充血、喉肌疲劳,致使声音黯淡嘶哑。

4、养成良好的生活习惯、饮食习惯。要避免烟酒刺激,抽烟会使声带粘膜干燥、充血、肥厚,使喉下分泌物增多,从而引起声音变低、音色昏暗沙哑等等。饮酒除了辛辣对喉部的直接刺激以外,还会使大脑以及发声器官功能失调。进行嗓音工作前半小时最好不要吃油腻的食品,否则容易造成嗓子不清爽、发粘。

5、女生例假期间,不要高声练习,最好少用嗓,因为这期间往往伴随声带充血、水肿,如果高声练习,容易产生声带小结。这时可以做些无声练习,例如唇舌力量、口腔开合度以及气息训练等等。

6、剧烈运动后不宜喝冷饮。人在运动时,声带处于发热充血状态。这时如果喝冷饮,声带遇冷会不正常收缩,长此以往,容易引起声带的病变。

总之,好的嗓子是按照科学的方法,经过严格的训练得来的。使用与保护是同时进行的,切不可盲目使用而不去保护,长此以往,声音变坏,甚至患严重喉疾病,被迫离开播音主持岗位,就很可惜了。

心理素质的培养

1、播音主持人在紧张的压力下会出现一系列相应的系统变化,如声带绷紧导致声音变高、变窄、声音抖动,呼吸急促导致气浅气浮;身体姿势和动作会发生变化,协作变得不自然,笨拙甚至僵硬;思维也会变得混乱等。

2、良好的心理素质是播音主持人需要具备的职业素养之一。在播音前,首先要克服紧张的情绪。紧张的情绪很多时候是自信心不足造成的,要增强自信心就需要播音主持人对节目的全过程有总体的把握,同时对可能出现的问题要考虑周全,设定出应对措施。

3、在发声时,让声音准确、清晰、流畅,富于表现力和感染力的前提是优秀的心理素质。充足的自信心可以鼓舞士气,使身心处于亢奋状态,促使大脑的积极思考,反应敏捷。

学习途径

大学

在播音领域排名第一的是中国传媒大学,其次是浙江传媒大学,如果有志于学习播音的同学,可以以上面两所学校,作为自己的目标。

校外的实体学校

因为播音方面的学习,不像英语班或者学生学习的补习班那样的普及,这方面的学校一个省也就那么几个吧,不是太多的,非常的稀少,而这方面的市场需求又很大,所以这一块学习的相关支出是非常大的。

自学

自学播音主持是可以的,但是比较难,需要找对方法并认真学习。

%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于很多热爱播音的人来说,学习播音不仅能让人具备更好的表达能力、思考能力、沟通能力、组织协调以及领导能力,而且学得好,可以实现当播音主持的梦想。那么如何学播音呢?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUdqll2kcJ323TNThgA5Zxf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"什么是播音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjIvyRr31EpYMgOXjHG0r8c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音定义","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsv6iXWaGcqwfpTTQ6Y4GSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音的定义有广义和狭义的区分。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDbCmDsUYG7f1FDTpqlJBVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"广义:指电台、电视台等电子传媒所进行的一切有关声音语言和副语言传播信息的活动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniZosCRfcImMfXS2G6FXtVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"狭义:播音员和节目主持人运用有声语言和副语言,通过广播电视传媒进行传播信息的创作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLqA67oSbglMLBNU8nja0re"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":584,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音定义","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b473e9cf72ba4ef799734c3b4d73e543","width":1036},"text":"","id":"doxcnNXFxOzGSdZ0kzMDS3U5cTg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnV34KhcJc1l0i1jtGXjWdsD"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音的要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn162oH3BhzMcshCXxq0g2ke"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音正确,吐字正确。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndVTQYfUpKTMYF0hQGTrxGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"用标准的普通话播读,特别要注意多音多义字,古诗文中特别要注意按意定音。不添字不少字不读破句,朗读清晰完整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRZRgiEzTQYVTY90l16VkFe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"语速适当,用心感受","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIHuvYV257dyp77tjuX5SBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要抓住文章特点,使节奏流利和谐,缓急结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxZBzweZQpY632YDfJzdTVf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"语调生动,轻重适宜","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFRjG8E4M53SjoYIGEllyAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据需要,分出轻重缓急,分清抑扬顿挫,表达出文章的思想感情。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE3taJomEY9Bbue4J2qUa1e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":450,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"语调生动,轻重适宜","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/631ff6265bab4380b351b7111f4684ce","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcnjqVP5JCmRKjRWEfkK2gHw9"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBK65wSkehohuQziTSybwJc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音学习技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5CSsyo0PdXtQPh65zd6o7g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对播音员而言,具备良好的语言表达能力犹如进入这一行的钥匙,假如无法打开这道门,就无法担任播音主持的工作。想要","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"具备娴熟的语言表达能力、专业化的播音能力,就需播音员通过长时间努力练习及不断探索","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuK0ZnabCfN54fzMbKd818b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话标准","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAbM3SXQjG2LE5WlYPmsDbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话标准是播音主持上岗的基本条件,如何达到普通话标准呢?主要可以从以下几个方面着手。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn3m2vzF9VAJHmcv5awjsoTn"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFF0hfI6rfgFSY1Yp8UGMYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母包含b、p、m、f、d、t、n、l、g、k、h、j、q、x、z、c、s、zh、ch、shi、r","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnumbvujy74SI6twxhTv31ed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声母按发音部位的分7类:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlAvmNlF7L6vOWEvyZy2Jzf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、双唇阻:上唇与下唇成阻。下唇向上运动与上唇接触,双唇闭拢成阻。双唇阻声母有b、p、m。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyAY70eKkxCeZVoMs8lbKle"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、唇齿阻:上门齿与下唇成阻。上唇稍抬,稍露出上齿,下唇向上,唇缘线与上门齿靠拢、接触成阻。唇齿阻声母有f。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnj3YrbVq9tojW2uGkcoeFQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、舌尖前阻:舌尖与上门齿背成阻。舌尖平伸,与上门齿背接触或接近成阻。舌尖前阻声母有z、c、s。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHFgOUdrTLff333MtA6NhZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、舌尖中阻:舌尖与上门齿龈成阻。舌尖向前上方抬起与上门齿龈接触、抵住成阻。舌尖中阻声母有d、t、n、l。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGUrrHUUo7zmzcaLdMEmiHg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、舌尖后阻:舌尖与前硬腭成阻。舌体稍向后缩,舌尖向上方翘起,与硬腭前部接触或接近成阻。舌尖后阻声母有zh、ch、sh、r。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFzgTuVABFLQosKsTwrDbee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、舌面阻:舌面前部与硬腭前部成阻。舌尖向下前伸抵住下齿背,舌面向上抬起,接触或接近硬腭前部成阻。舌面阻声母有j、q、x。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZ4hYR3ADl02BgvQa168J6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、舌根阻:舌根与硬腭软腭交界处成阻。舌体后缩,舌根隆起与硬腭和软腭交界处接触或接近成阻。舌根阻声母有g、k、h。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW7h58t5pZfdueqNw05jJ7b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"韵母","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno84r6NIrOAQAYBc2l8D6Oh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按汉语语音学的传统分析方法,把汉语音节中声母以后的部分叫韵母。韵母由单元音或复合音充当,普通话中有39个别韵母。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbM4N663c6gaFUTfhLxWTBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、10个单韵母:a、o、e、ê、i、u、ü、-i(前)、-i(后)、er","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnntegDi4LKxPZZfFelhUbpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、13个复韵母:ai、ei、ao、ou、ia、ie、ua、uo、üe、iao、iou、uai、uei","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHXGLI6GhoatcorIZDQkWCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、16个鼻韵母8前8后:an、en、in、ün、ian、uan、üan、uen、","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnPZSHAB5o419YouhzV18USb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"ang、eng、ing、ong、iong、iang、uang、ueng","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjEjQHAQQo4Kf0GjMP6UMPg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":537,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"韵母","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/00a2532477ce43ae89ca6c23b8b78d88","width":720},"text":"","id":"doxcna4yt8T8MSh9ZfLcv6PjMgm"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调值","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSgelmpvzQHiPAzrpZNyZ7d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声调是汉语音节结构中不可缺少的成分,它同声母、韵母一样,有区别意义的作用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOVq8bOhq6sRkOyb13pBcHm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"调值是指音节声调的相对音高。调值通常采用“五度标记法”记录,用一条竖线表示声音的高低,从下面最低点到最高点共分为五度,分别用1、2、3、4、5依次表示。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIWzvw1gbDwCSywMXpZ23qd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"普通话各类声调的调值为:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSb0i2DaPehd2YqZj5fWkqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阴平:高平调,55","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwsSANgkCC7Gjh0ZEbhOgXr"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"阳平:高升调,35","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneJPVwgmYej1iHBQPaiMmFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上声:降升调,214","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnFb5dIrwABgIMAynGi46mdh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"去声:全降调,51","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0nLzUOhdLJiDn6HnYV0IGg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":570,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调值","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d1c5a9a11ff2474e8ed9647c98e7c2ed","width":828},"text":"","id":"doxcnaIYqcRMXC6xD1la54R1Vzg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc8eaZXcPH7SBXq71MJNT5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、练习绕口令","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqGKf768pz4oQF4I0xQte4c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过绕口令练习,可以提高口语能力,把握住文字发音音准,学好拼音字母,掌握发音部位,反复进行训练,让自己普通话的发音准确度更高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn3anh96bPEkPaHCxyxNvqQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、制定训练计划","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnBh0TzLECalCwy6ntnbGfOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要有计划的进行普通话训练,了解自己的基础,制定合理的计划,规定每天的练习量,以周为单位,在不断训练中查找不足,并不断提升。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniGbpphJ9BsreSxdDUH4Fwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、掌握训练要领","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZNGyW0z5zpDjPmjaITtIjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"坚持用普通话进行日常会话,可以读一些报纸上的文章,或者拿出词典,多多进行发音练习,提高发音准度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIxkZAlay9O7MTftDfn6v5b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dcc835a8207d491a9cab5f9e9475bd88","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnRkkzSoXYTMAeovXzVh547c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUW8gduywNE6uwdmMcEjOye"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制是播音从业人员需要达到的最基本要求。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnrVwkQHVnjGs7cGOxZceZJe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息的要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndvq5EPw7plxNDB1Q9EvEec"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、持久的气息控制能力","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaCv70iVLsR9xdU5B8Ixand"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气息控制是作为一个播音员的基本的条件,如果播音员播一篇长篇的稿件时要求声音由始至终保持一定力度,不减不衰,从容不迫,这就要求对气息有持久的控制能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnhLK99fOrOHqUZOQqqYnPnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、气息控制要有稳劲儿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn3Alf6yu5CLo5UEmeXeerKd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音员要根据节目内容的要求调节气息压力,该强就强、该弱就弱,吸气量要大于日常说话,呼气时要保持较为稳定的压力,调节自如。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8POYiRmzvLNkDMghSXjDSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、能做到快吸慢呼,并能根据需要及时补气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQYcg4tNKMpA8iRBwJPq4Ig"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"播音语言,一般句子长度比口语长,结构比较复杂,间歇比口语少而短。要把每个句子播得完整而有层次,就需要按照句子结构用气,绝不能因气不够用而停下来吸气,要求播音员呼气的持续时间要尽量长,而且要掌握在句子进行中补气、偷气的技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn384MqHxaclorKfJi5YABj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lan(拼音小兰),一声声渐渐远去,或者数数1、2、3、4……,嘴上用力,发音之间不要闭住声门,不要跑气换气,数得越多越好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZ6LNZmqR4wORGLN13X5YVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、快吸慢呼,快速短促地吸气,并保持气息,呼气时缓缓呼出,配合声音,平稳均匀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaZAE0hfSHj7GRdZfUBZTjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"呼气时,可以通过以下发声练习:巴、拔、把、爸、低、答、底、大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2n42duBHFnJ736ftLtJKUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"换气时,可以进行以下练习:广场上,红旗飘,看你能数多少旗,一面旗、两面旗、三面旗、四面、五面旗……,相声小品里的“数来宝”经常用这个形式,大家可以观察演员的呼吸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4X8lTfPcnCXIb3fktkXNod"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcney7Vj6ENg9WLMRvGuGnzUb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":377,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/515abc06688d48eda0425b5c3ad5e870","width":589},"text":"","id":"doxcnHxpAbcldg9ycaqSvVgPXkd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、强控制练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnh436r418qaSZPOVcejRZQg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"要求气要吸得深并保持一定量,呼气要均匀、通畅、灵活。强控制练习需要一点声乐练习知识,在这里不好介绍。大家可以回想:《智取威虎山》里杨子荣喝酒唱歌那一段,最后结尾有个“啊—哈、哈、哈、哈哈哈……”基本的感觉就是这样。要体会膈肌和腹肌的作用,发声的时候气息是应该下沉的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnX7LoPmB8iP7uY5fUW7Eu6c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"参考练习诗词:岳飞《满江红》、毛泽东《忆秦娥·娄山关》、陈然《我的“自白”书》,新闻联播播音员在播报简讯的时候,一般都用强控制。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAK4e4YlZZvrHE9TpSP54kd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、弱控制练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHGejKhDvcED5Fl54hxpAMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、吸气深呼气匀。缓慢持续地发出ai、uai、uang、iang四个音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcntmzTFVTujaYkUyPfyMQkjf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、夸大声调,延长发音,控制气息。花红柳绿","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"H—ua、H—ong、L—iu、L—","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"v(发音时,声母和韵母之间气息拉长,要均匀、不断气)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXCdPdLSe7DFb5h2H2sWFuc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、通过夸大连续,控制气息,扩展音域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8pYIPvpKOJtTCsMvCaYhbb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"参考练习诗词:李白《静夜思》、孟浩然《春晓》等。气息控制训练可以把握“深(吸得深)、匀(呼得匀)、通(气通畅)、活(用灵活)”四字方针,注意气息和内容的结合。单纯的语音、气息训练效果并不好,需要大家在实际朗读过程中不断体会、运用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNFeOtcFHRbCBR3DxEbgZLc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":277,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"播音发声气息控制具体实施方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6573581de4534162a062cb5ea473bd2f","width":443},"text":"","id":"doxcnCf0HaHjf358NvlGFCxUs2c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣控制","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsbNiRjVybas8cS8pLVSHed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣对于播音发声的重要性体现在播音是以言语发声的过程,要想声音圆润集中,需要改变共鸣条件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUt0y4eIY3tVhXYzRqpByiZ"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣控制要领","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuziEOnYPhRcOHwirB539lg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"根据解剖学原理,共鸣器官能够受控并随意活动的是软腭、咽部和舌部,共鸣控制主要关注这三部门肌肉的活动组成结果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0YwEYTJO6kNHUUy2y0qUEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、提起颧肌","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw0bWTxeQuYlehYO3TuKv3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"颧肌稍带紧张感,使该部位肌肉向外上方稍稍提起,这就是提颧肌。提颧肌能使我们的发音更清晰、明亮。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnylPWbglUwMKOGt4FffYqYg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、打开牙","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAon52fY07KQhlMJ5BVKJIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"指双侧上后槽牙保持向上提起的感觉。这样就加大了口腔开度丰富了共鸣。考生可以用含有“Q”的音节来做夸张的练习,将会取得明显效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnM2CXP0ClNyaOeME4fByU8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、放松下巴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9pibW0G9dyQvCWpVFDIaah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下巴紧张会导致舌根和喉头的紧张,进而导致发声吃力,声音也将发紧,有意的放松下巴就会使我们的发声吐字更加自如。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Q5Yxy8wrVuiDHXsoghKad"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣分类及训练","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnHdREz0MGUXkzqexXnBPOch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、口腔共鸣:口腔共鸣的获得是要在发音时,口腔自然上下打开,笑肌微提,下腭自然放下稍后拉,上腭有上提的感觉。口腔共鸣发声最主要的一点,是发声的时候鼻咽要关闭,不产生鼻泄露。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn25XrEAzllAF7p3ZriwTxTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"通过下列练习大家可以体会一下,基本都是以开口元音为主练习:ba、da、ga、pa、ta、ka、peng、pa、pi、pu、pai。普通话的四个声调,准确的叫法是第一声—阴平,第二声—阳平,第三声—上声,第四声—去声。我们在进行声音训练的时候,多用阴平声调进行,这样有利于体会声音和气息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfe6DpNo1lJRA9tecOKJhgd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"词组练习:澎湃、冰雹、拍照、平静、批评,哗啦啦、噼啪啪、咣啷啷、扑嗵嗵、胡噜噜、快乐、宣纸、挫折、菊花、捐助、吹捧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnpCWoUJVQbmqMfpfzqjW4eb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绕口令:山上五株树,架上五壶醋,林中五只鹿,柜中五条裤,伐了山上树,取下架上醋,捉住林中鹿,拿出柜中裤。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmGMuaAqIVqe1tfuAewIh0"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、鼻腔共鸣:鼻腔共鸣是声波在鼻骨上的振动,即将声音的焦点定位在鼻腔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnm0ljqbuTVG5CL6WDnyT8sg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻腔共鸣是通过软腭来实现的,标准的鼻辅音m,n和ng就是这样发声的。有人觉得鼻音重显得声音好听、有厚度,但是过多的鼻音有如感冒,是不好的。发a、i、u的音,加点鼻腔共鸣体会,加鼻辅音ma、mi、mu、na、ni、nu。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnccfxue3prjh3hQsOwzmpld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"词组练习:妈妈、光芒、中央、接纳、头脑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNtqM6jgDQF0Po0E0yniSZe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"蓝蓝的天上白云飘,白云下面马儿跑,挥动鞭儿响四方,百鸟齐飞翔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnDtCTbL5LL2DV3eUbZPgFtb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、胸腔共鸣:是指声带振动激起气管内空气柱振动而传送到肺再扩及整个胸腔引起共振产生的整个共鸣包括横隔膜以上至气管顶端的整个脑区。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnjZSWEz8mlSwJj88IbOpwXb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"胸腔的空间及共鸣能量大,发出的声音有深度和宽度,声音更浑厚、宽广。“a”元音直上、直下、滑动练习。词组练习:百炼成钢、翻江倒海、追悔莫及。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsctwnFMkr5Xo3UrUZnV4Ih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小柳树满地栽,金花谢,银花开。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8l0IwDMTF3aaqcxIFj9ntb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"共鸣分类及训练","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d7863954e5b14390a628818f2a2383e5","width":500},"text":"","id":"doxcnl7ThmPCuM3JIkWNY3OCAaf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音的弹性","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnLXIFds8qzMnLgltHWWaXxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性,是指播音时声音形式对不同播讲内容和形式的适应能力。声音弹性包括声音的高与低、强与弱、实与虚、明与暗、刚与柔、厚与薄、纵与收等多层次对比变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqngVWJaZWqoa5BhcR1s6Ie"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性的特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn1zQokFp5Y2U6ernHe4nrvG"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、可变性,不同语调和情感。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMcT6rxnjiTeNxnA01FLO3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、对比性,有起有伏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJfUbuIf4PoHnAkX20QE8yf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、复合性,不会单独存在,是多种结合的,如虚低,高实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRKOoC9S2xjxghFesLTHSOh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性训练方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMU2LQXBjIBwstTiFuhzci6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、虚实练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOFpcAOBWfLTHQzdUPgAqJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚实练声方法是:吸一口气,然后屏住呼吸,让声门保持在闭合状态,开始发音,此时声音是响亮的实声。然后逐渐打开声门,声音由明亮到柔和的音色变化,这个时候注意体会喉咙的感觉,刚柔、厚薄、明暗等变化。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnh2zozgIoLEeeqrQJXSatWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、高低声练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKbNwikMTkRkBY4zSFl17Bc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"a、i、u由低音向上滑动,再从高音向下滑动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncB7NtAwUaRk4YuHgehl0Kg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这个练习主要可以锻炼自己对于音色的精细识别能力和控制能力,可以在自己不断的练习中感受。可以进行不同音高的朗读练习。用一句话,或一首诗,变化着不同的音高来进行练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnJdB27LBOy68InAxSQ66W5e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如:“飞流直下三千尺,疑是银河落九天。”","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnXP6Gp8sBX46ttUSWVHI63f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先用习惯音高朗读一遍,然后逐渐降低音调朗读,读到不太能胜任的音高时又逐渐提高音调读,也是读到自己还能胜任的最高音为止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0uzbPUl9gyI8bApG94s6Oa"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、强弱练习","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmH1qBo07QWcvearqm8dPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"远距离对话练习,练习时随时改变距离。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4JSKDIpvKcgEWr1g34yeef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"甲:喂—,喂—,小芳—","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGtKFeV7JnjeO7jKE3eAs0b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乙:嗳—","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNFPAjt9BlY3iCMf8kVU20d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"甲:快—来—啊—","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoBokDqg8HkL0nY24260Fuq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乙:怎么了—呀—","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMeORYbYMAWJ9lQjs4mMSSf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"甲:一起去看—电—影—吧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnV9SKP8hWFfcmvwDS77IbAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"乙:好—啊!","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAaZxUfxsSVvHC4ThOsk67g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"夸张声音练习法:注意加大运动幅度,用丹田气发声。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnZu68HzOMyVltAlSwKMZaTc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"快板是最明显的例子,想象说快板的演员发声的状态,自己找一段快板试试,体会声音的弹性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2b6KUnFZRz8Qbzla2iwkMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、练唱音阶法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnT83HMPuH35wsUHRHP9hnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音音高与声带张力成正比例。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniZVPkO3NV5hXHy9Cf2mPRd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果想提高音高,就须加强声带张力。反之则减弱。所以,进行音高的变化练习能有效地发展和增强声带伸缩变化的控制能力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncAAYcm3rtHOsuGbByxlbLo"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其中最有效的练习办法是利用钢琴来练唱音阶,在自己力所能及的音域内半度半度地下降,半度半度地上升,进行反复练习。没有条件的则可借鉴京剧演员喊嗓子的练声法,做绕音练习,从基础音开始,逐渐地向高、低音两头扩展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnxq7JfDE74gtivdvX8ZzUHh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":715,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"声音弹性训练方法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7017c61b6aa42df99e9744d92a860e8","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcn4MaI6QOKk0uxSjppSngXZf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发音中的情声气","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnVY9Sh9EiRxtcpoFj05McHf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"语言是传递信息和交流思想情感的工具,存在于人际交流的有声语言情感,语声和气息是一个系统中的几个方面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2zFFG0tt9ywiQ4NlWsftFc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"情:是指在播音过程中播音员服务于播,讲目的由具体稿件或者话题引发,并由有声语言表达出来,始终运动着情感情,情我们进行播音创作的依据。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0jPhkliSHzuAwwkVABBGcf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"声:声是播音员依据稿件或话题,使发声器官运用播音技巧所发出的表达思想情感包含大量信息,并通过电声设备进行传播,经过科学训练的规范化艺术化的有声语言。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn5jFqs7fir9yztTfB3vKJsh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"气:气指的是在播音过程中未时有声,语言传情达意,播音员所控制自如使用胸腹式联合呼吸法所获得的发生动力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnymUB0leIC2jos3ugsKgVGe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"情声气要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEBFxzqeljxQJftkQGzqdeh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、情感需要具备最丰富的并能随时调动起来的思想情感,一方面播音员节目主持人要不断的加强自己的修养,锻炼和培养自己的政治艺术素养,使自己具备宽广的胸怀、纯真的情操、美好的憧憬、深邃的境界、蓬勃的志趣、灵动的活力等等,另一方面调动起来的运动者的思想情感一定要服从于稿件或话题的界定,服务于播讲目的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnolqrFLApyQCFMH9honIQch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、对声音的要求是要能够充分的表达各类不同稿件所确定的不同层次,不同色彩的情感,能清晰明确的传递稿件所载有的所有信息,并具有各自声音形象特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcndv4pN4Pr3LDGCSZD6KnSEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、播音发声对气息的要求是能符合播音员进行播音创作的要求,有一定力度呼吸控制自如完美的配合发声的气息。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn9FzvWlVK4fsX4jfxo5YLSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"总之,情感要取其高声音要取其中气息,要取其深以达到自整,腔圆清晰持久,刚柔自如声情并茂的境地。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnj968pFNp7XWf0JPVthp5nh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"发声练习常见的问题及矫正方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMMSHUDHcykznkJqZrivXFh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"虚声过多","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA6GQjsByPCNv3OgnrAgE2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音不实在,有些无力,没有足够的亮度和响度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc9oH8UKI2gG7yNFDOaOGgf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:虚声过多的学生,要注意锻炼唇舌的力度,练习一些响亮实在的词语和绕口令,如“百步穿杨”“中国伟大”等力度较大的词组,以及绕口令《八百标兵》《白庙和白猫》等。新闻播音当中,基本以实声为主,一般不出现虚声,而且换气声不要太大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzhiKdnCDz9PXgWezVHJfvd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音过于靠后","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCwnux0MSQLJvEjWj9iMg0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音沉重,不明亮。发声过程中也容易疲劳和不适。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnRQiycgCaMUBQrzZb8R48of"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:注意“两头紧中间松”,口腔和小腹加强控制,喉部保持松弛。舌根要灵活,不要太生硬。注意与口腔共鸣的调节方法相结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnNMhj3QifMP3YWnnjDycj0c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"鼻音偏重","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI2F6r8PPe7AWVoi4PFtF3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音暗淡,不响亮,影响语言的清晰度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwpDsV4q9cSOmDoD4QVLPDh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:注意软腭挺起,牙关打开,减少过多的气流经过鼻腔。克服口腔、双唇的无力状态,保持积极的播音状态,不可过于懒散。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnbiNwaTTWRKXUIVbMpn5CRg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"声音分散","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnzw0apxxc6XpspHfypG92we"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音不集中,不饱满,冲击力不强。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnfMZTgKT5CNa2rHh2D8pq0f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:在发声的时候注意嘴唇中间三分之一部分用力,力量不可过于分散。注意气流冲击硬腭前端,也就是我们说的声挂硬腭,使声音更集中,更有冲击力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU9zqQKhoqnh5guXdaYgCVW"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"缺乏弹性","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqbhziUcUnfUd6BcaGSC5Uc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要表现:声音缺乏变化,没有抑扬顿挫的对比。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6cVtt2jC0KvleYKr8rTXeh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"矫正方法:加强对比训练,包括高与低,快与慢的对比训练等。高与低的训练,可以练习声音的爬高与降低。比如“伟大的祖国,伟大的人民”这句话,可以先逐渐升高地说,然后再逐级下降地说,体会声音的高低变化,丰富声音的层次。快与慢的训练,可以用不同速度来说一句话。比如“班干部不管班干部”这句话,可以分别用快速和慢速来练习,体会快与慢的变化。声音弹性的获得还需要情感的支撑,加强情声气结合。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnlsmiPvx6Euo0KIMqRwAhWe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":4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