1. nec投影仪np510c怎么使用
1、重启win10计算机,在开机时按F1/delete(bios快捷键)进入BIOS设置界面,按键可能因为机器型号的不同会有差异,进入Security安全栏选中SecurityChip,让SecurityChip重新启动。
2、当在BIOS中设置好启动安全芯片时,这时系统一般会提示“是否立即激活安全设备”,选中是以后,系统会提示需要重启。
3、再次启动计算机,此时系统会提示配置TPM平台,需要按F10(按键可能因为机器型号的不同会有差异)进行激活TPM的操作。
4、这时进入Windows系统就会看到安全设备已激活的信息。点击确定以设置ClientSecuritySolution。(注意:当首次进入CSS可能会有几秒钟时间系统初始化设置的过程)以上就是windows10系统使用不了TMP文件的处理方法介绍了
2. nec液晶投影机np510c
nec内屏510c投影仪改装成无线连接的方法:
1.nec投影仪通过HDMI线连接一个电视盒子;
2.打开投影仪和电视盒子,切换HDMI信号源;
3.打开设置界面,开启WLAN,搜素wifi信号,然后进行配对连接即可。
nec投影仪是非智能投影仪,想要连接wifi,需要借助电视盒子的帮助。
3. nec投影仪np430c
设备带有危险的电压,而且它控制的是带有潜在危险的转动机构。如果不遵守《使用大
全》中“警告”的规定,或不按照其中的要求操作,就可能造成死亡,严重的人生伤害或重
大财产损失。
• 只有经过认证合格的人员才允许操作本设备,并且在使用设备之前要熟悉本手册中有
的安全说明和有关安装、操作和维护的规定。正确地进行搬运装卸就位安装和操作维护,是
实现本设备安全和地投入运行的可靠保证。
• 注意触电的危险。即使电源已经切断,变频器的直流回路电容器上仍然带有危险电压,因
此,在电源关断5分钟以后才允许打开本设备。
• 输入电源线只允许性紧固连接。设备必须接地(按照 IEC 536 Class 1,NEC 和其他适用
的标准)。
• MICROMASTER430 变频器是在高压下运行。• 电气设备运行时,设备的某些部件上不可避免
的存在危险电压。
• 本设备不可作为“紧急停车机构”使用(参看 EN60204,9.2.5.4.)
• 本设备可按照UL508C第42节的要求在变频器内部提供电动机过载保护功能。在缺省状态下
I2t保护功能在缺省状态下是有效的。
• 允许的环境温度决定于设备,请参看选型样本中的数据。
• 使用前请阅读有的安全规则和警告,并粘贴有的警告标志。确保警告标志置于醒目的地
方,并更换已脱落或损坏的标志。
4. nec投影仪np610c
当一个硬件第一次插入USB不能被识别后,第二次插入,就不会在显示是否被识别。建议你可以先装好驱动,然后换一个USB接口试试看。
首先,肯定要在电脑安装手机驱动程序,记住:手机不是U盘。如果买手机的时候盒里没有,可以去官方网站下载。
第二,有些手机并不是连接电脑就可以进行传输了,还要在手机的菜单里找到连接PC之类的选项,选择后才能与电脑连接。例如:NEC610就是这样
第三:有些手机使用USB借口与电脑连接后,会开始充电的,这属于正常现象,不会影响手机与电脑之间的资料传输的。
5. nec投影仪使用说明图解NP405C
学习古筝要先有浓厚的兴趣,兴趣是最好的教师,没有兴趣学什么都提不起精力,只会浪费时间。因而学古筝必定要本人发自内心的喜爱,那样才能学得更好。
了解古筝
古筝又名汉筝、秦筝、瑶筝、鸾筝,是中国汉民族传统乐器中的筝乐器,属于弹拨乐器。它是中国独特的、重要的民族乐器之一。它的音色优美,音域宽广、演奏技巧丰富,具有相当强的表现力,因此它深受广大人民群众的喜爱。
古筝的种类
古筝分低档古筝、中档古筝、高档古筝三种。
一、低档古筝是由普通木板做出框架,做工较粗躁,以花梨酸枝木贴皮,这种古筝声音较闷,弹不出古筝的韵味儿。
二、中档古筝琴是由花梨木酸枝木胡桃木做古筝的琴头琴尾,以及侧板,面板采用泡桐木,这种琴做工规范,弹出了古筝的韵味,但和中高档琴比音色要逊色很多。
中高档古筝是采用黑檀木老红木做古筝的琴头琴尾,以及侧板,面板采用泡桐木,这种材料做出的古筝音色清脆,韵味渐浓。
三、高档古筝做工严谨,选料精细,采用紫檀木血檀(雪檀)木做古筝的琴头琴尾,以及侧板,面板采用优质泡桐木。
近年雪檀已尽绝迹,紫檀也越来越少,这种材料做出的古筝音色纯正,颗粒性强,琴声韵味十足,余音较长,即余音绕梁乃三日不绝。
古筝分南北吗?
因为北方气候干燥,古筝使用中容易开裂,所以就流传出南筝、北筝的说法。
其实古筝是不分南北筝的,有些商家就是抓住了“古筝开裂”这一痛点,推出了南北筝这一概念。
古筝是不分南北的,也就是不分南北用琴。古筝核心面板都是泡桐木,泡桐木产自河南兰考,如果将河南产的面板拿回上海加工就成了南方古筝,拿回西安加工就成了北方古筝,这显然是说不通的。买古筝时最重要的是买适合自己的筝,且注意对其保养就行。
古筝琴弦
古筝是中国古老的民族乐器,距今已有两千五百多年的历史。
标准古筝有21根弦。从最细的弦到最粗的弦,依次编号为1~21。
最初的古筝,只有5根弦。经秦国著名将蒙恬改造后,古筝发展到12弦。在当时的历史条件下,应该说是对古筝成功的改革。12弦古筝延续使用了数百年,直到唐朝后期才出现了13弦古筝。
随着时代的发展,古筝的弦数也越来越多,音域也越来越宽。出现了16弦、18弦、19弦、21弦、23弦、25弦等,直到今天,发展成为通用的21弦。
筝身长1.63米的21弦古筝,被称为标准筝。筝弦,也由过去的丝,动物筋等生物性材料制作,改为现在的钢丝弦和尼龙缠弦。
随着筝弦的增加,筝的体积也在增大。发展到今天,已成为一种古朴典雅的民族乐器。
古筝基础知识
古筝的定义:弹拨弦鸣乐器。
一共有 21 根琴弦,包含 17 根弦和 4 根绿弦
1、琴弦:现多用尼龙缠弦,以不同型号的钢丝外面缠以尼龙丝制成的。
2、琴码(又称:雁柱):支撑琴弦,琴码的右侧为演奏区域,左侧为左手补韵的装饰音区域。
3、岳山:分为前岳山,后岳山,分别镶嵌在琴面板的首部和尾部。
4、面板:琴面略有弧度的木板。
5、调弦盒:内有弦轴,用于调音;琴盒内可以放指甲,琴扳手等物件。
认识SOL
认识简谱
简谱:简谱中用以表示音的高低及相互关系的基本符号为七个阿拉伯数字,即1、2、3、4、5、6、7,唱作do、re、mi、fa、sol、la、xi,称为唱名。
唱名:do re mi fa sol la xi
音名:C D E F G A B 这个就是用来记固定音高的符号。
在简谱中表达高低音一般会在上下两个方向添加小圆点。
中音是1234567那么低音表达就是在这些数字现面加一个小圆点,高音就是在数字上面加一点,上面加二个点为倍高音,加三个点为超高音。反之下面亦如此为倍低音、超低音等以此类推。
除了音的高低外,简谱还有一个重要的因素就是音的长短,简谱音的长短有多种表达方式,如基本的加小横线的方式。
如果还不太懂的朋友,可以看看古筝简谱入门课程,介绍的非常详细:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xE411x7Wh/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
五声调音
古筝采用的是五声音节,由这五个音构成的调式是五声调式。所以古筝琴弦上没有4(fa)和7(si)。
琴弦排列分组
筝架和姿势
弹筝的姿势有多种,一般采用坐式,要求坐姿端正,精神饱满、动作自然。古代采用过盘式、跪式。
由于流派的不同,筝的放置位置、筝架、琴凳也不同。
有的用琴桌式筝架,有的用类似人字形的筝架,还有的就放在腿上演奏。
采用琴桌式筝架比较稳因、牢靠,琴桌的面板有助于筝的共鸣。琴桌的大小应适当,恰好放稳筝的四个角;筝与琴桌之间有一定的空隙,以便于出音;琴桌的高低适合放腿为宜。此外,琴桌的造型应美观大方。
如采用类似人字形折叠筝架,应注意筝体能放置平稳,避免演奏中摇晃。
如采用小筝放在腿上演奏,小筝筝头底部应加筝托,以防止上身过前倾,腿部不要挡住出音孔,琴凳不要过高,筝尾支架的高度应与琴凳高度相当或略高。琴凳离筝体要近,尤其弹奏宽大的、弦数多的筝,一般身体前侧距筝体大约有6厘米至10厘米,应坐在靠近前岳山的位置上,坐的高低位置,应以方便演奏,便充分发挥技巧为原则。身体离琴过远,将使右手演奏困难,影响对触弦的控制;离琴过近,左手按弦困难,右手拨弦不方便;坐的位置过高时,上身容易前倾;坐的位置过低时,容易紧张。
弹筝的姿势,一般采用坐式,演奏者坐的姿势应该是:两腿自然分开,上身端正,两臂和双手松弛而自然抬起,精神饱满,态度自然。在演奏时既不要驼背也不要过分挺胸;既不要拘紧,也不要松垮。切忌摇头晃脑、脚打拍子等坏毛病。
正确的演奏姿势是:右脚蹬在固定筝架的踏板上,头部略俯视,双手按乐曲开头的指法自然伸出,做好弹奏准备。
如何选择古筝
古筝的统一规格为:1.63米,21弦。一台古筝的音质取决于面板和琴弦,面板以阳面中段为最佳,阳面是指整株桐木置于水中,露出水面的一面为阳面,去头斩尾为中段,一般以9-12年树龄的桐木为最佳,尤以河南兰考的桐木为最佳,沙土地,木质疏松,利于音质的传导。
初学者在购买古筝的时候一般不知道如何选择,市场上售卖的有练习筝、演奏古筝两种。
练习筝的制作较为简单,一般都是不包边的,而演奏筝的工艺更复杂,也更精美。 同时,会因为木头的品质,和穿弦孔的工艺不同而导致音色和手感的不同。
演出筝对音色的要求更严格,音色要亮,所以价格一般比练习筝的价格贵。
古筝的结构说简单也简单,但是要让这简单的结构发出美妙的音乐就是技术活了。决定音色品质重要的部分是面板的等级,其次筝码、整体做工、制作工艺等,边板材质起到装饰古筝的作用,不建议作为选筝的重点。
古筝作为乐器其音色品质才是其价值的体现,而价值也是决定价格的原因,这也就是为什么古筝的价格会有如此大的差异。
我们选购古筝的时候首先要考虑古筝的音色问题,购买音色较好的古筝,如果是作为古筝学习者,练习筝也不要买太次的,那会影响自己的听力,和审美标准。
学习古筝
学戴义甲
大指:将义甲戴在指肚上,向指尖左上方斜出45度佩戴
食指、中指:将义甲戴在指肚上,顺指甲生长方向直戴
注意:佩戴时义甲不要挡住手指的关节;胶布的一半应覆盖在自己本身的指甲上。
选择指甲
古筝指甲首先要选择合适自身手指的长度,选择的指甲要和自己的手指第一节的长度相匹配,通常都是选择中号。指甲面选择宽点、上方尖点,不需要太厚的指甲面。古筝指甲材质很多,有塑料、树脂、玳瑁的,三种材质对比,玳瑁的比其它两种的好,对琴弦没有多大的磨损,但价格比较贵,塑料和树脂对琴弦的磨损就比较严重。
挑选玳瑁方法
1、强光照射法:把玳瑁放在太阳底下或者电筒光下投射,如果看见花纹、透明血丝状在甲片里,就是真品。伪劣产品呈现的血丝在甲面上是片状的,还有斑纹呆板或者团块状。
2、燃烧法:刮一点点的指甲点燃,或者用加热的针触碰指甲面,真品就会散发出烧焦头发的味道,伪劣产品是散发其它的味道,比如樟脑的味道、塑胶的味道、醋味等。
分辨琴弦
古筝的琴弦有21根弦,共有两种颜色,白色琴弦、绿色(或红色)琴弦。
绿色(或红色)琴弦都唱“5”(sol),共有四根绿色(或红色)琴弦,有粗有细,由细到粗,分别代表
高音5;中音5;低音5;倍低音5
第一根到第五根琴弦为倍低音,表示方法是在1、2、3、5、6下面加两个点;接下来五根弦是低音,在1、2、3、5、6,下面点一个点;在后面五根弦是中音区,1、2、3、5、6。接下来是高音区,五根弦1、2、3、5、6上方加一个点;最后一根为倍高音do,1上面加两个点。
练习古筝步骤
弹古筝,首先要保持正确的姿势。两只手的食指、中指、大指依次配戴好指甲,你可以买两卷医用胶带,一卷放手上保持手背的平直,另一卷用来配戴指甲。
眼睛平视乐谱,身体坐好,接下来开始古筝的练习。
佩戴指甲
弹奏古筝之前先要佩戴好指甲,指甲的大小应和手指第一关节差不多,戴在第一关节往上一点,胶布缠在第一关节中间,不要影响关节活动处,大指缠带方法与其他指不同,假指甲向内与指尖呈45度角,左右相对。
熟悉古筝音阶
音乐的七个基本音阶1(do)2(re)3(mi)4(fa)5(sol)6(la)7(si),古筝是五声音阶,没有4和7,只有1、2、3、5、6。
练习古筝指法
古筝演奏中常用到指法:勾、托、抹、劈、剔、挑、提、花指、摇指、琶音、泛音、按音、揉音、大撮、小撮、颤音、滑音等。
托-大拇指向外弹弦。
劈-大拇指向里弹弦。
抹-食指向里弹弦。
挑-食指向外弹弦。
勾-中指向里弹弦。
剔-中指向外弹弦。
提-无名指向里弹弦。
连托-大拇指向外连续弹弦。
连抹-食指向外连续弹弦。
大撮-大拇指向外,中指向里同时弹两弦。
小撮-大拇指向外,食指向里同时弹两弦。
双托-大拇指同时向外弹奏邻近的两弦。
双抹-食指同时向外弹奏邻近的两弦。
八度双托-大拇指向外弹奏邻近的两弦,同时中指在低八度另一音,三阴同时奏响。
摇指-大拇指连续托劈。
琶音-左手或右手用三个或四个手指按顺序弹奏不同的音。
泛音-左手食指在发音弦1/2处轻贴弦,右手弹弦发音。
花指-大拇指迅速连托数弦。
向上刮奏-在筝弦上由低音向高音的划奏。
向下刮奏-在筝弦上由高音向低音的划奏。
揉音或颤音-根据音乐的不同风格分类,是揉音类的,揉动较平和;是颤音类的,音波较密,也较有地方风格。
重颤音-用力较重的颤音。
按音-在弦上按出的音。
上滑音-右手弹弦后,左手按弦,使音由低向高滑动。
下滑音-左手先按弦,右手弹奏后逐渐松弦。
回滑音-右手弹弦之后,左手按弦使音由低向高又有高向低滑动数次。
左手点音-左手马子左侧先轻点或轻轻快速下滑。
下图是古筝指法符号对照表,在看古筝简谱的时候可以用到。
古筝的指法教程视频:
初学古筝的指法口诀:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Et411v7pq/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
勾、托、抹、托指法:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1JT4y1N7nx/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
古筝指法抹、打:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Di4y1174c/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
古筝指法大撮:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Mi4y127Tt/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click
练习曲子
曲子是一句一句,一段一段地练习的,练得多了自然就记住了,然后可以脱离琴谱练习。
代表曲目
古筝十大代表名曲有《渔舟唱晚》、《高山流水》、《寒鸦戏水》、《汉宫秋月》、《蕉窗夜雨》、《林冲夜奔》、《侗族舞曲》、《东海渔歌》、《香山射鼓》、《战台风》。
《渔舟唱晚》是传统的古筝独奏名曲。一般以为此曲是娄树华在20世纪三十年代中期,根据古曲《归去来辞》的素材改编而成。取自唐朝诗人王勃的名篇《滕玉阁序》中的佳名:“渔舟唱晚,响穷彭蠡之滨”。
《高山流水》,为中国十大古曲之一。此曲最早见于我国现存最早的琴曲集《神奇秘谱》。乐曲取中国古代著名的音乐故事“伯牙摔琴谢知音”为题材,表现一种“巍巍乎若高山,洋洋乎若江海”的境界。
《寒鸦戏水》寒鸦又名鸥鸟,这是一首有名的潮州筝曲,是潮洲弦诗《软套》十大曲中最富诗意的一首。
老师指导
学习古筝需要有一个好老师指导,古筝作为一种并不那么容易学成的乐器,单靠自学是很困难的,因此需要找一个好老师。专业的好老师保证你能学到规范的指法、技巧和乐曲处理,不至于走弯路。
业余爱好者自学时,虽然有入门教材的辅导,但是自学难免会遇到许多不懂的地方,这时候就需要专业的老师进行解答了。其实刚开始的时候可以看视频资源、与许多古筝专业者或爱好者交流,不懂时还可以提出问题,这样总比自己一个人探索有用得多。
古筝是一门入门容易精通难的乐器,尤其是业余爱好者没有人监督,就更容易放弃,所以坚持才能成功。
选择古筝老师需要注意以下几点:
1、口碑;
大家选择古筝老师的时候还是要非常注重口碑的,如果身边有周围的朋友在学习古筝,我们不妨参考一下朋友的意见,老师的口碑如果好了,一般教学质量都挺不错的。
2、要去试听课;
古筝课都是可以提前试听的,我们可以参加基础的试听课程,如果你认为老师讲的可以很轻易的听得懂,而且讲的有非常详细,老师人也比较好,那么就可以考虑选择这个老师。
3、学历;
老师的学历也是比较重要的,我们在选择老师的时候我可以咨询一下老师是哪里毕业的,如果老师是正规的音乐学校毕业的,那么他学习的知识会更加系统,在教我们的时候条理会特别清楚。
4、专业性。
学习古筝还是非常需要老师的专业性的,老师水平比较高,比较专业,那么我们的学习质量也会更加的高。
自学选择教材
1、《古筝基础教程》
这本书分为古筝入门、古筝技法、古筝曲三个部分,是结合理论和实际的基础教材。
2、《古筝入门》
这本书介绍古筝由易到难,循序渐进,介绍的比较详细,里面附带很多筝曲。
3、《从零起步学古筝》
遵循从易及难的原则,从古筝最基本的指法讲起,每种指法配以相应的练习曲和乐曲。
我们学习的时候先学习基础知识,理论知识学会后可以在网上多看些古筝的教程,特别的视频教程,可以在哔哩哔哩上选择适合自己的配合教材学习。
不过刚开始学习还是不建议自学,毕竟我们对古筝琴音没用正确的认知,非常容易走入误区,只有在老师的带领下,感受到老师正确的琴音,才能慢慢培养认知,这个是教材和视频代替不了的。
古筝考级
古筝考级分为1-10级,其中1-4级为初级,5-7级为中级,8-10级为高级,高级需要加考乐理。
按有关规定,古筝考级一般是从一级到十级,由低到高逐级考评,但由于考级工作一般都是每年进行一次,而学古筝的每个人学习情况不同,因此可跳级报考,如果古筝学习的比较好,可以直接报考六级考试。
六级考试属于中等偏上的等级考试,考试相对简单,7级开始考试难度会增加很多。
所以刚开始考级的时候建议选择古筝六级考试,下面给大家介绍一些六级考试曲目。
古筝六级曲目有哪些
古筝考级六级曲目一般包括《高山流水》、《柳青娘》 、《出水莲》、《崖山哀》、《庆丰年》 、《闹元宵》 、《山丹丹开花红艳艳》等,根据考级版本不同可能略有区别,例如有音协考级、中央音乐学院考级、民族管弦学会考级等, 每个版本曲目和练习曲要求都不同。
考级的时候需要演奏两首同一级别的曲目,六级曲目中高山流水、庆丰年 、出水莲为必选曲目。六级考试的要求是加强各种音色变化、控制力的训练,并进行一些特殊定弦乐曲的练习,演奏上必须按照其指法特点,应强调力度与音色的对比、演奏的投入及较好的音乐表现力。
调音器怎么用
古筝和吉他、钢琴等乐器一样都是需要调音的,最简单的方法就是使用调音器进行调音,具体的方法如下:
1、首先把调音器的电池装好,长按中间的开关打开调音器。
2、按开关键把屏幕左下角的字换成“自动”,按“M/T”键把屏幕右下角的字换成“古筝D”。
3、按上三角符号和下三角符号把左上角的数字换成“=440”。
4、把夹子夹到要调的那根弦的附近,这样更能使调音器取到音。
5、用古筝指甲拨要调的那根弦,看调音器屏幕上的数字,如果显示的数字比调的弦大,就说明太松了,如果数字比调的弦小,就说明太紧了,用调音扳手重新调整。
6、当屏幕上的数值是所调的弦的数值,还要看调音器最上端的三个指示灯,如果左边的红灯亮了,就说明有点偏紧了,如果右边的红灯亮了,就说明有点偏松了,如果绿灯亮,就说明这条弦已经调好。
日常保养方法
一般情况下,相对湿度在50%-70%之间的空间内使用古筝对筝的振动和发音都比较有利,湿度低于50%容易引发筝体表面及底板开裂,而湿度高于70%则易使面板吸潮,导致声音发闷、余音减短、音色发暗。
1、古筝在使用时应轻拿轻放,避免碰撞或剧烈震动。
2、若在北方地区使用古筝,在琴下放一盆水,增加空气湿度,防止开裂。冬季时古筝不能靠近散热的暖气片,以免出现曝烈或变形的情况。
3、古筝使用后可用干软布拭去琴弦上的汗渍,以防琴弦生锈,不用时要以筝罩盖好;
4、古筝应经常使用,这有利于琴弦张力的稳定,也鞥促进音色;
5、一旦发现琴音不准时应及时调音;
6、长时间不用古筝,只要防潮、防晒、防灰即可,不可将其放在地上或挂在潮湿的墙上。湿气较重时,将古筝放入盒内,并在盒内放入干燥剂。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习古筝要先有浓厚的兴趣,兴趣是最好的教师,没有兴趣学什么都提不起精力,只会浪费时间。因而学古筝必定要本人发自内心的喜爱,那样才能学得更好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TUqcdKWOMoQ2MCxk7b5cyYGynZd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"了解古筝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Js2Sde2sEoaOI2xSSx9cDN52nxe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝又名汉筝、秦筝、瑶筝、鸾筝,是中国汉民族传统乐器中的筝乐器,属于弹拨乐器。它是中国独特的、重要的民族乐器之一。它的音色优美,音域宽广、演奏技巧丰富,具有相当强的表现力,因此它深受广大人民群众的喜爱。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EqSwdcu8CoYMU4x4NhVcPyWYnjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的种类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NsM4d8GsOo4i4wx4KMKcGExAnUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝分低档古筝、中档古筝、高档古筝三种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RIcedkyEGoQCoyxQf0ec8u3RnSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、低档古筝是由普通木板做出框架,做工较粗躁,以花梨酸枝木贴皮,这种古筝声音较闷,弹不出古筝的韵味儿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YqIedSOsooC680xcxrHchhUpnTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、中档古筝琴是由花梨木酸枝木胡桃木做古筝的琴头琴尾,以及侧板,面板采用泡桐木,这种琴做工规范,弹出了古筝的韵味,但和中高档琴比音色要逊色很多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"V4CgdocWWoWQsaxGEPfcIYb2nqf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中高档古筝是采用黑檀木老红木做古筝的琴头琴尾,以及侧板,面板采用泡桐木,这种材料做出的古筝音色清脆,韵味渐浓。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RasedGmieoG4E2xCY6Pc2CnVn8c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、高档古筝做工严谨,选料精细,采用紫檀木血檀(雪檀)木做古筝的琴头琴尾,以及侧板,面板采用优质泡桐木。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DIoKdKiugoMYOoxmkiYc2iCan9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"近年雪檀已尽绝迹,紫檀也越来越少,这种材料做出的古筝音色纯正,颗粒性强,琴声韵味十足,余音较长,即余音绕梁乃三日不绝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UiSmdQeQwoeIU6x4uTdcRxfZn9b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝分南北吗?","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SwSQd4eS0o6ciexy2x5co97JnSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因为北方气候干燥,古筝使用中容易开裂,所以就流传出南筝、北筝的说法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8WMdwccmoG86cxcp95c39WFn1b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"其实古筝是不分南北筝的,有些商家就是抓住了“古筝开裂”这一痛点,推出了南北筝这一概念。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PyY6d8y6qo4mAIxikZicrvBCn2d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝是不分南北的,也就是不分南北用琴。古筝核心面板都是泡桐木,泡桐木产自河南兰考,如果将河南产的面板拿回上海加工就成了南方古筝,拿回西安加工就成了北方古筝,这显然是说不通的。买古筝时最重要的是买适合自己的筝,且注意对其保养就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MEYkdm4CKoWK0oxiiCEcHb4Pnwd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝琴弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QYC4dAYuEoMQ00xGSwZcDIVZndf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝是中国古老的民族乐器,距今已有两千五百多年的历史。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RW8SdoI2GoKcwaxk1mSch5uKnfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"标准古筝有21根弦。从最细的弦到最粗的弦,依次编号为1~21。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LEcyd60waoiSGQxMiSwcACaJn5X"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":427,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝琴弦","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a56dc34e2e3a407f9d8569a2e36541e7","width":640},"text":"","id":"VmeGdAcKwow6G4xohIFchRxznge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8KsdaGW8ocyw2xOyPwcWzcFnlH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"最初的古筝,只有5根弦。经秦国著名将蒙恬改造后,古筝发展到12弦。在当时的历史条件下,应该说是对古筝成功的改革。12弦古筝延续使用了数百年,直到唐朝后期才出现了13弦古筝。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYyudcMAioMSWMxsvuVcfdIWnPh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着时代的发展,古筝的弦数也越来越多,音域也越来越宽。出现了16弦、18弦、19弦、21弦、23弦、25弦等,直到今天,发展成为通用的21弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SKk0dMSSyoSOKMxaAIUch9PsnAc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"筝身长1.63米的21弦古筝,被称为标准筝。筝弦,也由过去的丝,动物筋等生物性材料制作,改为现在的钢丝弦和尼龙缠弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OuGadOM6YoeG8WxE9T2cdmmvnNc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"随着筝弦的增加,筝的体积也在增大。发展到今天,已成为一种古朴典雅的民族乐器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YoqMdG4Ioo6mCsxeizGc3TaEn7d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝基础知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CUoSdQg6moSsSMxOQVycQkZYnxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的定义:弹拨弦鸣乐器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NaEQdGYgOoEKKIx3DTPcW9QRngE"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一共有 21 根琴弦,包含 17 根弦和 4 根绿弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SQWYdEiSmoEgwyxaWc9c7lwan9g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":405,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝基础知识","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/adba970d86b842058bf1571fc3adf8c8","width":855},"text":"","id":"SkAsdOUe0oGOGcxYDIycO1H8ncd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、琴弦:现多用尼龙缠弦,以不同型号的钢丝外面缠以尼龙丝制成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKW6dgiMWouMk2xQpcPcHzSznYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、琴码(又称:雁柱):支撑琴弦,琴码的右侧为演奏区域,左侧为左手补韵的装饰音区域。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HGS4dGEC2o4iqSx2liLcEjtdnHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、岳山:分为前岳山,后岳山,分别镶嵌在琴面板的首部和尾部。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SYoOdAKe0ok0Mox5TYuck83BnBJ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、面板:琴面略有弧度的木板。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LKcsdCqQcoskEwxgdpOcJcXdn7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、调弦盒:内有弦轴,用于调音;琴盒内可以放指甲,琴扳手等物件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Cs4GdYu4MoqQkKxgXT5cofbsnYd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识SOL","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HowmdCQKooaWgCx2x60c0ympnhd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":258,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识SOL","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2f6a1b3049b04321bd68e010868702e9","width":865},"text":"","id":"WeWmdsYowoUcySxwhcTcvdqZn1e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"认识简谱","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IAS2dg8Ego6sg4xeAymcNBTCnrd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简谱:简谱中用以表示音的高低及相互关系的基本符号为七个阿拉伯数字,即1、2、3、4、5、6、7,唱作do、re、mi、fa、sol、la、xi,称为唱名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NGEcdoWOUoyuQcxyIb1cFQXEnSb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"唱名:do re mi fa sol la xi","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TyuydE4wwoq6YcxAFDkcsUgYnGc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"音名:C D E F G A B 这个就是用来记固定音高的符号。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JAuKdmEmqoK0ooxOOeUcl6S4nqe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在简谱中表达高低音一般会在上下两个方向添加小圆点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MSQgd4sO0oOcq0xiqQIceHvdn0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中音是1234567那么低音表达就是在这些数字现面加一个小圆点,高音就是在数字上面加一点,上面加二个点为倍高音,加三个点为超高音。反之下面亦如此为倍低音、超低音等以此类推。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QAiKd4wQYoGAumxMz3BctbsMnRd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":172,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/03b2fb29978a4a519db2f44835e33dad","width":620},"text":"","id":"CsMAd40c0ooo8Wx6tvgcg4PRn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了音的高低外,简谱还有一个重要的因素就是音的长短,简谱音的长短有多种表达方式,如基本的加小横线的方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TKaGdyu4yoIuwgxojevc0EAOnbb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":168,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"认识简谱","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c8b352af536345dca9a6fc9665d5b1b4","width":682},"text":"","id":"HW2SdKEeIo82y4xk1iuceeCBnWh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果还不太懂的朋友,可以看看古筝简谱入门课程,介绍的非常详细:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xE411x7Wh/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1xE411x7Wh/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQygdKaa2ooigOxgXmkcFxzZnzb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"五声调音","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D8GMdAuGooA0guxmIjWcMCutnDb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝采用的是五声音节,由这五个音构成的调式是五声调式。所以古筝琴弦上没有4(fa)和7(si)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WUKcdsqIqowcykxFxh5c01jknEg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":552,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"五声调音","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/210286ec53e74bf789a0ec4043213e05","width":953},"text":"","id":"NOK2dUqQ8oKw0CxAMQdcXzbsn4y"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IIsydGQ0CoYoAax6D4MclV5EnOb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"琴弦排列分组","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XcI0daSqKoQuWixCWNucDkbgnie"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":614,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"琴弦排列分组","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9101cd449a1848bd9f7199255fcf12c7","width":811},"text":"","id":"XyugdUYMooiWGGxYdZVcx7bln28"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":671,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"琴弦排列分组","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b1785101667e48d995a32b7807f94433","width":793},"text":"","id":"KwAIdKA4Qo0QUwxmkuFcm3t2nbh"}],"text":"","id":"EoCqdaCEioC44gxaYVXctHeYn6e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EoCqdaCEioC44gxaYVXctHeYn6e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"弹筝的姿势有多种,一般采用坐式,要求坐姿端正,精神饱满、动作自然。古代采用过盘式、跪式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VwW6dYSO6oQ444xuGzLcTsywnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于流派的不同,筝的放置位置、筝架、琴凳也不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PSOkdwWkUoWUOWxiymTcM5P8nSh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"有的用琴桌式筝架,有的用类似人字形的筝架,还有的就放在腿上演奏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XYQsdWgwmoMUqGxkNZPcpl8XnSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"采用琴桌式筝架比较稳因、牢靠,琴桌的面板有助于筝的共鸣。琴桌的大小应适当,恰好放稳筝的四个角;筝与琴桌之间有一定的空隙,以便于出音;琴桌的高低适合放腿为宜。此外,琴桌的造型应美观大方。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OQkQdcsksoieC2xcJVIcJ1JMn8d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d12893778e954af9aa69660779580887","width":636},"text":"","id":"PQ48du20koKoSSxSAKXczsIHn7f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如采用类似人字形折叠筝架,应注意筝体能放置平稳,避免演奏中摇晃。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PkyidCm8koIwQyxmQGdcdEkEnle"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":597,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/421c2b42642b4606b6d45b3b04efab57","width":579},"text":"","id":"T8wydgECGoi0qqxYlVQcYLPAnvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如采用小筝放在腿上演奏,小筝筝头底部应加筝托,以防止上身过前倾,腿部不要挡住出音孔,琴凳不要过高,筝尾支架的高度应与琴凳高度相当或略高。琴凳离筝体要近,尤其弹奏宽大的、弦数多的筝,一般身体前侧距筝体大约有6厘米至10厘米,应坐在靠近前岳山的位置上,坐的高低位置,应以方便演奏,便充分发挥技巧为原则。身体离琴过远,将使右手演奏困难,影响对触弦的控制;离琴过近,左手按弦困难,右手拨弦不方便;坐的位置过高时,上身容易前倾;坐的位置过低时,容易紧张。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H6MQdMU42ou2yaxugIWcVCEdnrd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":741,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9c96a8e7759c4cdba7e8c0edd9a6d55a","width":733},"text":"","id":"ZKEgdC6SOo4OqUxUVOqcaQu7nng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"弹筝的姿势,一般采用坐式,演奏者坐的姿势应该是:两腿自然分开,上身端正,两臂和双手松弛而自然抬起,精神饱满,态度自然。在演奏时既不要驼背也不要过分挺胸;既不要拘紧,也不要松垮。切忌摇头晃脑、脚打拍子等坏毛病。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Tam0dyU2socEowxMb3acblynnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的演奏姿势是:右脚蹬在固定筝架的踏板上,头部略俯视,双手按乐曲开头的指法自然伸出,做好弹奏准备。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ECo4dYk6eocISgxma3TcC9tMnRg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":476,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"筝架和姿势","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f8c264448484b8e99ed16776f541d40","width":781},"text":"","id":"HkaAdIAKQoYIAcx29lLcmxLgnBc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"如何选择古筝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HWaadMuCooqgKcxQrKRcAe8Ln1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的统一规格为:1.63米,21弦。一台古筝的音质取决于面板和琴弦,面板以阳面中段为最佳,阳面是指整株桐木置于水中,露出水面的一面为阳面,去头斩尾为中段,一般以9-12年树龄的桐木为最佳,尤以河南兰考的桐木为最佳,沙土地,木质疏松,利于音质的传导。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Casmdyo0OoS2Cqxe4BrcTQQtnOe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":456,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"如何选择古筝","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e08a4cdc236647d6914a8d4011e3d006","width":600},"text":"","id":"VOeqd0GAGoW4auxQhlQcxX7Tnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学者在购买古筝的时候一般不知道如何选择,市场上售卖的有练习筝、演奏古筝两种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KAqidceYIoGg60xsDc7c3THenff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习筝的制作较为简单,一般都是不包边的,而演奏筝的工艺更复杂,也更精美。 同时,会因为木头的品质,和穿弦孔的工艺不同而导致音色和手感的不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EY6adusu0oIKo6xgRopcF34Lnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"演出筝对音色的要求更严格,音色要亮,所以价格一般比练习筝的价格贵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YMWEd2MgaoM0aUxWSYuczrwgnQh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的结构说简单也简单,但是要让这简单的结构发出美妙的音乐就是技术活了。决定音色品质重要的部分是面板的等级,其次筝码、整体做工、制作工艺等,边板材质起到装饰古筝的作用,不建议作为选筝的重点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OskmdkmgEougSuxs8wZcDmzOnzY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝作为乐器其音色品质才是其价值的体现,而价值也是决定价格的原因,这也就是为什么古筝的价格会有如此大的差异。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZoWodYoUCosEmAxMhowcdZO3nEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们选购古筝的时候首先要考虑古筝的音色问题,购买音色较好的古筝,如果是作为古筝学习者,练习筝也不要买太次的,那会影响自己的听力,和审美标准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bs0ed48aoo8OUIxg2KlcUobenzm"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习古筝","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ewqqdo4ssoEewUxojhWcMkLgnRY"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"学戴义甲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L4w6dsweUocYCSxuYgqcHIlPnId"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大指:将义甲戴在指肚上,向指尖左上方斜出45度佩戴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYiSdKoKyoQ68axY9wEcuRn5n9g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":112,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学戴义甲","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d8ef5651cc3549cb8629ebe19a9f43bf","width":136},"text":"","id":"A0CKdYKwOoy0aaxCUGucy5WvnFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"食指、中指:将义甲戴在指肚上,顺指甲生长方向直戴","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IUO6dm4SYo0mSyxuKPicyXMhnFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":112,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"学戴义甲","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f6f907e9573e4362a717f7ea0e478c52","width":136},"text":"","id":"E6Wkdgg6yoyGuAxyUqYcaCT7nzb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"注意:佩戴时义甲不要挡住手指的关节;胶布的一半应覆盖在自己本身的指甲上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NgwmdyAWgomkMexMV43cJF1GnUc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选择指甲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NOYcd2McCoUW2kxDTPCc0XyinbM"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝指甲首先要选择合适自身手指的长度,选择的指甲要和自己的手指第一节的长度相匹配,通常都是选择中号。指甲面选择宽点、上方尖点,不需要太厚的指甲面。古筝指甲材质很多,有塑料、树脂、玳瑁的,三种材质对比,玳瑁的比其它两种的好,对琴弦没有多大的磨损,但价格比较贵,塑料和树脂对琴弦的磨损就比较严重。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BgIsdWoAuoA04Ix8gSicDKB8nec"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"选择指甲","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e2fdb9f2bd254aceab730d7785e6d351","width":500},"text":"","id":"Pym0dWasEoCOcCxeYctcQBwznRf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑选玳瑁方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DSa0dCkSsomgiwxSupvc10yEnpf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、强光照射法:把玳瑁放在太阳底下或者电筒光下投射,如果看见花纹、透明血丝状在甲片里,就是真品。伪劣产品呈现的血丝在甲面上是片状的,还有斑纹呆板或者团块状。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SYiAdGmwOoQW66xYZzecduXanef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、燃烧法:刮一点点的指甲点燃,或者用加热的针触碰指甲面,真品就会散发出烧焦头发的味道,伪劣产品是散发其它的味道,比如樟脑的味道、塑胶的味道、醋味等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IWcqdMKakoqsAcxE5Twc5Jeunsd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"分辨琴弦","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KmE8ducyyo4co8x4qOdc67ozn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的琴弦有21根弦,共有两种颜色,白色琴弦、绿色(或红色)琴弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JcggdywqgooEk0xc7RmcGYOcnhf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":518,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分辨琴弦","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ad9fb924473f4c03acde04ea2d49c706","width":627},"text":"","id":"Py4udAGwIoyM2SxI9QvcNGiFnaf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"绿色(或红色)琴弦都唱“5”(sol),共有四根绿色(或红色)琴弦,有粗有细,由细到粗,分别代表","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UkAGdSks4o4a42xE3RUchFYonSg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":34,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"分辨琴弦","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/45746576255f47eba05e8d49cce59e0f","width":138},"text":"","id":"QO8qdGyMKoISY0x8HXsc3G9fnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"高音5;中音5;低音5;倍低音5","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EqgAd8aeKoOiacxSAKBcZm37nXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一根到第五根琴弦为倍低音,表示方法是在1、2、3、5、6下面加两个点;接下来五根弦是低音,在1、2、3、5、6,下面点一个点;在后面五根弦是中音区,1、2、3、5、6。接下来是高音区,五根弦1、2、3、5、6上方加一个点;最后一根为倍高音do,1上面加两个点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XOUAdgmSMoO4qmxSwkGcsOolnzd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习古筝步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XIYAduAaMocSc4xmaNxcbfv4n5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"弹古筝,首先要保持正确的姿势。两只手的食指、中指、大指依次配戴好指甲,你可以买两卷医用胶带,一卷放手上保持手背的平直,另一卷用来配戴指甲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ww8CdKY24osSMyxikNIcZpDUnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"眼睛平视乐谱,身体坐好,接下来开始古筝的练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JWU0dmaEoouCqmxmUyJchz6anPc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"佩戴指甲","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Eae0d0gmwoOmAGx5kVkc8DotnJi"},{"type":"paragrap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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QqQMdISAIoGU2YxUUaXcJOaxnPS"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"劈-大拇指向里弹弦。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BoEMd4qwcoYMocxKunIcsFP3nNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"抹-食指向里弹弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WEYodoe4Eo8SaMx23swcdV8Wnsd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑-食指向外弹弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LIOgdwWQQoqQCUxqEhWcQngdnRg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾-中指向里弹弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OEeQdk48uoEYKGxmIQMcoip5nkA"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"剔-中指向外弹弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HUmudO8GCoswm2xOaqGczMLCnee"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"提-无名指向里弹弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BUOEd4OqkoukyWx0KFhcJ0rsnPg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"连托-大拇指向外连续弹弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZcgIdqiE2oWksYxyiCMcjzaynYb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"连抹-食指向外连续弹弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QuogdEcIIoaQyuxeOHzcc2KvnOf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"大撮-大拇指向外,中指向里同时弹两弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X6WQdA8UqouOMYxsJxFchTwcnKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"小撮-大拇指向外,食指向里同时弹两弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QgUAdG2OKoKseQxYzsYcsV2WnLe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双托-大拇指同时向外弹奏邻近的两弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KK6gdm8uqoEmGIxsfWxcc2Odnch"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"双抹-食指同时向外弹奏邻近的两弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NQcidU04WoimIUxai8dcbd6SnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"八度双托-大拇指向外弹奏邻近的两弦,同时中指在低八度另一音,三阴同时奏响。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qsa2dY2A6ogeQWxld5OcV31GnJG"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"摇指-大拇指连续托劈。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IWsudc6GsoYCwsxElKscG9kbnpd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"琶音-左手或右手用三个或四个手指按顺序弹奏不同的音。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SyAMdKoE6o2MCox8GDJctDKUntb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"泛音-左手食指在发音弦1/2处轻贴弦,右手弹弦发音。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F0AadE2m6o2k8IxYFDjctDj7nUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"花指-大拇指迅速连托数弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"No48dE2k0oyoGwxZa0hcSJFLnJv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向上刮奏-在筝弦上由低音向高音的划奏。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H8O4dAe40o4CCwx6fYGcpAalnre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"向下刮奏-在筝弦上由高音向低音的划奏。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KwaSdY8Eeo6IOAx2ni6cSerGnWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"揉音或颤音-根据音乐的不同风格分类,是揉音类的,揉动较平和;是颤音类的,音波较密,也较有地方风格。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FWoIdk64eo6UKYxkfExccfF8n2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重颤音-用力较重的颤音。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Qyy4d62AmogESAxCuv1cX406nWf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按音-在弦上按出的音。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Nua0di2SqowiuexSGLAcd10WnEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"上滑音-右手弹弦后,左手按弦,使音由低向高滑动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FQ2QdIikooWOe0xWs5ncnQjBn6d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下滑音-左手先按弦,右手弹奏后逐渐松弦。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J0mydiu4oogEcUxopwGcXtXanrb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"回滑音-右手弹弦之后,左手按弦使音由低向高又有高向低滑动数次。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NysMdEOGAocIwixI1kEcJbTynAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"左手点音-左手马子左侧先轻点或轻轻快速下滑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"L00CdO8CsoQCqkxo3YFcRgWtnKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下图是古筝指法符号对照表,在看古筝简谱的时候可以用到。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W0m6dAs4wocMGIxquKfckKnNnDc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝的指法教程视频:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A6audayCIoOGEkxfMfBcOAOans4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初学古筝的指法口诀:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Et411v7pq/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Et411v7pq/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DSmCdM884oUCqmxKwA5c9r2znCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾、托、抹、托指法:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1JT4y1N7nx/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fa4kdGq6qoWgYcxAZpccCWPpnge"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝指法抹、打:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Di4y1174c/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Di4y1174c/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TcOwdq4CIoIQa0xEznicctuZnVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝指法大撮:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Mi4y127Tt/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1Mi4y127Tt/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Xcs4doIqgo8EUoxo19Sc5jmtnwc"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":647,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习古筝指法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bcd15188770447b29779c7bdfbaa68ba","width":545},"text":"","id":"Is8UdaiGoowSqax4yCtcadqpnSe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":650,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习古筝指法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/44eb3f51d4944830bbcb685da7b7a39f","width":1033},"text":"","id":"UoS2dSCe6oQAU8xK0NNccXHBnxh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":650,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习古筝指法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/44eb3f51d4944830bbcb685da7b7a39f","width":1033},"text":"","id":"UoS2dSCe6oQAU8xK0NNccXHBnxh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":561,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习古筝指法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5a534915e9fe476eb37f15a57878ac47","width":963},"text":"","id":"ZgEMdAw46oMeGgxbxUXcuXO5nzp"}],"text":"","id":"AMgwdoWcEooEa0xy2T7c9CYTnfe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AMgwdoWcEooEa0xy2T7c9CYTnfe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":375,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习古筝指法","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9b108c4e08b14c1baed8b263d5153c70","width":639},"text":"","id":"UaqQdk0aaoM8IQx2jodctAb8nyb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HUGEdgWCgoaEGcxsUfvcGAvfn1C"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习曲子","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZmEmdiSEkoKCEMxeiHdcbUDrnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"曲子是一句一句,一段一段地练习的,练得多了自然就记住了,然后可以","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"脱离琴谱练习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"K88udG0OeoyWcWxyKGFcq1PKnPP"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"代表曲目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ESqgdUwsco86EoxkrcvcokpynMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝十大代表名曲有《渔舟唱晚》、《高山流水》、《寒鸦戏水》、《汉宫秋月》、《蕉窗夜雨》、《林冲夜奔》、《侗族舞曲》、《东海渔歌》、《香山射鼓》、《战台风》。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GWw0deQgGoaggqxgR8vcjg94nub"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习曲子","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/30e75155bd7b4705a0328bdb1393cb8a","width":500},"text":"","id":"XoesdGoYUoYs2KxWSqrcYhaJnug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《渔舟唱晚》是传统的古筝独奏名曲。一般以为此曲是娄树华在20世纪三十年代中期,根据古曲《归去来辞》的素材改编而成。取自唐朝诗人王勃的名篇《滕玉阁序》中的佳名:“渔舟唱晚,响穷彭蠡之滨”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GcO4dGWQ6oaESIxUeVmc57KSnVn"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":661,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习曲子","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ba00e889ac9842dbbd886346b006886d","width":716},"text":"","id":"XgGadK2yooaC8ExBEgZcQ2hdntK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《高山流水》,为中国十大古曲之一。此曲最早见于我国现存最早的琴曲集《神奇秘谱》。乐曲取中国古代著名的音乐故事“伯牙摔琴谢知音”为题材,表现一种“巍巍乎若高山,洋洋乎若江海”的境界。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQOydgqKGoy4akx8dYtcaEqxnwd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":532,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"练习曲子","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/larg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","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RYOsdo8SwoAeuWx8hK6cFkmgnIh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、要去试听课;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Wmu6dY0sooI2uqxI3dncj9EVnEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝课都是可以提前试听的,我们可以参加基础的试听课程,如果你认为老师讲的可以很轻易的听得懂,而且讲的有非常详细,老师人也比较好,那么就可以考虑选择这个老师。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Mgq6dEKSYoKiamxi2becA1BSnng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、学历;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ECuedEK2CouWAsx2rDvcv01Cnrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"老师的学历也是比较重要的,我们在选择老师的时候我可以咨询一下老师是哪里毕业的,如果老师是正规的音乐学校毕业的,那么他学习的知识会更加系统,在教我们的时候条理会特别清楚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GM2sdMGcMoA0gkxodKUcQvdmnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 4、专业性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KUUEdW2IooWGCix63Eeco0BDnxb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"学习古筝还是非常需要老师的专业性的,老师水平比较高,比较专业,那么我们的学习质量也会更加的高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q8aedu822oa4i4x6Y47cai0rnch"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"自学选择教材","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JmWOduKeIocuGoxaIpUcsUmnnce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、《古筝基础教程》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LAoAdyG6MomiooxcfgFcjcFgn6U"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":611,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学选择教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/48f66ba9946b4a24b082b07c146e28ea","width":440},"text":"","id":"AsqQd062WoEmWGxWaofcrgAonTh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这本书分为古筝入门、古筝技法、古筝曲三个部分,是结合理论和实际的基础教材。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WwGKdkeiqow0mqxuEYfcrVytnsc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、《古筝入门》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q8SAd0MQcoASuUxA9w6cfKhSnpf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":500,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学选择教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/08ab75b97b1a4c9299cca6fe32606ef3","width":372},"text":"","id":"RomcdOeUOoAGmexq5vMcmts8nLQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这本书介绍古筝由易到难,循序渐进,介绍的比较详细,里面附带很多筝曲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JoeSdO6ScocQKaxGyUrcynY9nGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、《从零起步学古筝》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KYEWdo2QGoAiW4x82RwcxJ5Dnbc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":431,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"自学选择教材","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/14cff81fa3db43d3b3ccf979850af338","width":428},"text":"","id":"XgcodsU4Oo8WMsxI9sXcGQXdnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"遵循从易及难的原则,从古筝最基本的指法讲起,每种指法配以相应的练习曲和乐曲。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KSISduQOsoWecIxC0X7cXITlnme"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"我们学习的时候先学习基础知识,理论知识学会后可以在网上多看些古筝的教程,特别的视频教程,可以在哔哩哔哩上选择适合自己的配合教材学习。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AUMKdWAC6o0u6oxA7BacdZDgn3g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不过刚开始学习还是不建议自学,毕竟我们对古筝琴音没用正确的认知,非常容易走入误区,只有在老师的带领下,感受到老师正确的琴音,才能慢慢培养认知,这个是教材和视频代替不了的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"R6eodmCuuo2uAcxkFHUc6bUbnwh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝考级","id":""}],"text":"","id":"G0uadkk4QoAUS2xsxAAcCpMDnE8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝考级分为1-10级,其中1-4级为初级,5-7级为中级,8-10级为高级,高级需要加考乐理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GsQSdysC6oim0MxgdB3cw5sFnS1"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"按有关规定,古筝考级一般是从一级到十级,由低到高逐级考评,但由于考级工作一般都是每年进行一次,而学古筝的每个人学习情况不同,因此可跳级报考,如果古筝学习的比较好,可以直接报考六级考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UIEgdEwucoCW4AxKg8Rc6ht8nOe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"六级考试属于中等偏上的等级考试,考试相对简单,7级开始考试难度会增加很多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oceod2UwMokGEExymi2c2Roenfg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所以刚开始考级的时候建议选择古筝六级考试,下面给大家介绍一些六级考试曲目。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HSiYdaiMyo4waMx6ln3cru6cnxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝六级曲目有哪些","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F6GGdCq0Io2oGgxmsa5c0g1enWe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝考级六级曲目一般包括《高山流水》、《柳青娘》 、《出水莲》、《崖山哀》、《庆丰年》 、《闹元宵》 、《山丹丹开花红艳艳》等,根据考级版本不同可能略有区别,例如有音协考级、中央音乐学院考级、民族管弦学会考级等, 每个版本曲目和练习曲要求都不同。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OwQ2dykUioEcsQxMhWGc66VanQe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考级的时候需要演奏两首同一级别的曲目,六级曲目中高山流水、庆丰年 、出水莲为必选曲目。六级考试的要求是加强各种音色变化、控制力的训练,并进行一些特殊定弦乐曲的练习,演奏上必须按照其指法特点,应强调力度与音色的对比、演奏的投入及较好的音乐表现力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CmQ0dycMko6YsWx4lbfcKPw8ngh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":324,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝考级","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bdd537635370403b832a02ee381f4f0c","width":500},"text":"","id":"LycidwCQgoMkYaxiIhccjVgenlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"调音器怎么用","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWQedeKaAoYgmOxk3tkcchGMnwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"古筝和吉他、钢琴等乐器一样都是需要调音的,最简单的方法就是使用调音器进行调音,具体的方法如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y4UkdOisSouiqqx04n2cQL7ynef"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、首先把调音器的电池装好,长按中间的开关打开调音器。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"X8o2dCeQ4okOKkxLEfTcFq0Rnyz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、按开关键把屏幕左下角的字换成“自动”,按“M/T”键把屏幕右下角的字换成“古筝D”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DMeedwaquouuSMx8Wa3cbWlGnHc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、按上三角符号和下三角符号把左上角的数字换成“=440”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SUOmdsE88oqCKuxiMR0cwxg6ncd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":333,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"调音器怎么用","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cfa14c104dd04f6ebf801b5b7ed81928","width":500},"text":"","id":"PiqAdWGK0oeIO2x8RIkcSNw1nih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、把夹子夹到要调的那根弦的附近,这样更能使调音器取到音。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OoKsd2KeKoogIQxYZlVcbRNynNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、用古筝指甲拨要调的那根弦,看调音器屏幕上的数字,如果显示的数字比调的弦大,就说明太松了,如果数字比调的弦小,就说明太紧了,用调音扳手重新调整。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OCUWdQswQoWw2ex6a0xczPpEnMw"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、当屏幕上的数值是所调的弦的数值,还要看调音器最上端的三个指示灯,如果左边的红灯亮了,就说明有点偏紧了,如果右边的红灯亮了,就说明有点偏松了,如果绿灯亮,就说明这条弦已经调好。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WQMOdM2oAoiWwkxCedPcpxPPnYc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"日常保养方法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LwMQdiQ6ioCgWMxkzSNckqZZnAh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般情况下,相对湿度在50%-70%之间的空间内使用古筝对筝的振动和发音都比较有利,湿度低于50%容易引发筝体表面及底板开裂,而湿度高于70%则易使面板吸潮,导致声音发闷、余音减短、音色发暗。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YuwydOGMeow8YuxK6acc5jZGnuh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、古筝在使用时应轻拿轻放,避免碰撞或剧烈震动。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MOUadYwmOoeauyxaU9Zc9GLanKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、若在北方地区使用古筝,在琴下放一盆水,增加空气湿度,防止开裂。冬季时古筝不能靠近散热的暖气片,以免出现曝烈或变形的情况。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NOgGdiUYEogkGUxQPwZceLE8nXN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、古筝使用后可用干软布拭去琴弦上的汗渍,以防琴弦生锈,不用时要以筝罩盖好;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YiQ6dsMEoo0Q4OxIziuc8BuhnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、古筝应经常使用,这有利于琴弦张力的稳定,也鞥促进音色;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RwWSdGcsUosIkSxGwBwcC9CNnHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、一旦发现琴音不准时应及时调音;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BayydyEcuosscIxoTtecL49Lnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、长时间不用古筝,只要防潮、防晒、防灰即可,不可将其放在地上或挂在潮湿的墙上。湿气较重时,将古筝放入盒内,并在盒内放入干燥剂。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AeIgd28k6oce84xQj8PcI2FFn9c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2audQQWwo4Syexa8NacE2HWnwb"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E
6. nec np15lp投影仪
投影仪的使用方法如下:
1、找到投影机的开机键,使用遥控器、投影机均可控制。
2、连接电源线,将电脑和投影仪连接起来。
3、连接VGA线或者HDMI线(VGA线的连接开机或者关机连接都可以,HDMI线也就是通常说的高清线,要在关机的时候连接,尽量不要热插拔,避免HDMI连接头烧毁) 。
4、开机。连接上电源之后投影机的电源指示灯会亮。
5、开机之后并且信号线已连接一般会自动出来画面,不需要信号切换(极少数情况会出现需要切换信号)。如果没有出来画面则按一下投影机或者遥控器上的信号源键即可自动搜索信号源,HDMI连接的时候开机之前连接好,VGA连接则开机关机连接都可以。
6、画面调节聚焦变焦,投影机镜头部位有两个可转动的圆圈,一个是调画面大小(变焦),一个是调画面清晰度(聚焦),根据你的需求调节即可,个别投影机带有手动镜头位移(在投影机上调节)电动聚焦变焦镜头位移(高亮度工程投影机带有此功能,投影机和遥控器均可调节)。
7、梯形校正(有的投影机带有自动梯形校正),调梯形进入投影机菜单键(MENU键)画面调节项找梯形校正就可以调节梯形。
8、关机。按关机键会出现是否确认关机这几个字,关机即可。
7. nec np450c 投影仪
翡翠,自古以来就以它深邃晶莹的质地,以及蕴涵着东方文化的灵秀之气,成为公认的“玉中之王”,它是最昂贵的宝石品种,具有很高的经济价值、收藏价值和观赏价值。
翡翠的基本知识
翡翠在国际上(矿物名称)称为硬玉,是一种以硬玉为主的矿物集合体,属多色玉石,红色的翡,绿色的翠。
翡翠的由来
翡翠名称来源有几种说法,一说来自鸟名,这种鸟羽毛非常鲜艳,雄性的羽毛呈红色,名翡鸟(又名赤羽鸟),雌性羽毛呈绿色,名翠鸟(又名绿羽鸟),合称翡翠,所以,行业内有翡为公、翠为母之说。明朝时,缅甸玉传入中国后,就冠以“翡翠”之名。另一说,古代“翠”专指新疆和田出产的绿玉,翡翠传入中国后,为了与和田绿玉区分,称其为“非翠”,后渐演变为“翡翠”。
(翡翠鸟胸针)
翡翠迄今约有300余年的历史,从唐朝就作为贡品进入中国内地(一般认为翡翠被运用于中国的玉雕业是在明朝)。由于过去翡翠主要由云南腾冲加工、运出,因此,翡翠过去也称为“云南玉”。至今也保持着去云南必购玉的习惯。
翡翠的定义
翡翠是一种以硬玉、钠铬辉石和绿辉石为主要组成成分,质地细腻、坚硬柔韧、色彩丰富、已达到玉石级工艺美术要求的天然矿物集合体。
自从300年前翡翠传入我国,翡翠就毫不留情地替代了古来名贵的白玉,把中国玉文化推向了一个更高层次。翡翠以其色泽——艳丽多彩、光泽油亮,质地——坚韧、均匀、细腻,优良的物理性能、独特的玉文化内涵,成为最具观赏价值、收藏价值和文化艺术价值、利润最高的宝玉石之一,被誉为“玉石之王”,深受亚洲人,尤其是华人的青睐。
不仅如此,它还有“佩之益人生灵,纯避邪气”的作用。多年来,人们一直把翡翠当成护身符佩戴。在中国,女性佩戴翡翠戒指、手镯,男性以玉佩为主。人们把翡翠和祖母绿宝石一起列为5月份的诞生石,是运气和幸福的象征。
翡翠的物质组成
一、翡翠的主要物质构成
翡翠属辉石类,其主要组成物为硅酸铝钠,宝石矿中一般将含量超过50%以上的硅酸铝钠视为翡翠,出产于低温高压下生成的变质岩层中。
传统上只把硬玉为主要矿物成分的集合体当作翡翠。近十年来,不断有以钠铬辉石、绿辉石和钠长石等为主要矿物成分的集合体出现,并以各种名称出现在翡翠市场上,其中钠铬辉石和绿辉石集合体与硬玉集合体具有相近的宝石特性。
二、翡翠的主要矿物
含量大于95%的矿物成分,包括硬玉(最主要)、钠铬辉石和绿辉石。
1、硬玉
硬玉是组成翡翠的主要矿物成分,翡翠中90%~95%以上矿物成分都是硬玉。成分较纯的硬玉为无色;但含Cr、Fe、Ni等微量元素时,显示为绿色,这些微量元素的存在使翡翠颜色丰富多彩。
2、钠铬辉石
钠铬辉石是欧阳秋眉(1983)在研究缅甸翡翠的过程中发现的,并作了系统的矿物学研究,从而改变了Deer等人认为它只是陨石成因的看法。
钠铬辉石普遍存在于翡翠中,并大量地存在于干青种或铁龙生等类型的翡翠中。特点是Cr致色,呈深绿色或孔雀绿色;不透明。
(铁龙生翡翠手镯)
3、绿辉石
由于绿辉石为Fe致色,绿色偏灰、偏暗。肉眼观察呈深绿色、蓝绿色,组成深绿色翡翠(墨玉)或形成翡翠中飘蓝花的部分。
翡翠品种:油青种、蓝水种、飘蓝花翡翠、墨玉。
三、翡翠的次要矿物
翡翠中不希望有的次要矿物(含量1、角闪石类矿物
角闪石类是翡翠形成的后期产物,属含水的硅酸盐矿物。可构成翡翠中暗绿色或黑色部分,常呈斑晶片状出现,硬度较硬玉要软,行内称“癣”。
(翡翠中的角闪石)
2、钠长石
钠长石在翡翠中仅少量出现,出现较多则为“水沫子”——钠长石玉,是与缅甸翡翠伴生(共生)的一种玉,水沫子本身与翡翠一样美丽,其品质优良、外观美好,具有很大的观赏价值和升值空间。颜色:无色、白色,较为透明,为蜡状到亚玻璃状光泽,内含物常出现圆点状、棒状、棉花状的白色絮状石花;在翡翠中比较少见这种类型的石花。密度为2.66g/cm'左右,比翡翠低,同体积的玉石比翡翠轻1/3。
钠长石不属于翡翠的成分,但经常与翡翠伴生,成为仿翡翠赌石的“杀手”之一。
(钠长石玉)
四、翡翠的副矿物
翡翠中存在很少量的矿物,
(翡翠的副矿物)
五、翡翠的次生矿物
翡翠在表生作用下,由于外来物质沿翡翠表面或裂隙向内部渗透浸染而产生的矿物,矿物比较细小,但可以改变翡翠的颜色。
1、氧化铁质矿物:褐铁矿,导致翡翠产生红色或黄色翡色。
2、黏土矿物:绿泥石、蛇纹石、蒙脱石、伊利石。导致翡翠产生灰绿色、暗绿色的次生色。
翡翠的颜色
翡翠的颜色丰富多彩,也是翡翠的价值所在,以绿色为上品。翡翠的颜色大体上可分为5种:
翡翠的原生色是指组成翡翠的原生矿物所产生的颜色,是翡翠主要的颜色类型,也是翡翠成为名贵宝玉石品种的最主要因素。翡翠原生色的色调很多,主要有白色、绿色、紫色、墨绿色和黑色等。根据目前研究的成果,翡翠的颜色与其组成矿物的种类及其化学成分有关。透明到半透明的翠绿色翡翠与含铬硬玉有关,浅绿色翡翠与含少量Cr的硬玉有关,不透明的绿色翡翠与铬硬玉有关,紫色翡翠与含Mn硬玉有关,部分灰绿色翡翠与含绿辉石有关,翡翠中的黑色则多与角闪石有关。
翡翠的次生色是指翡翠在地表或近地表经受表生地质作用,使翡翠的组成矿物分解或半分解,并在各种大小的裂隙、矿物晶粒之间的微裂隙中充填氧化物、胶体物质、黏土矿物等而形成的颜色。主要的色彩有褐黄色、褐红色、灰绿色和灰黑色等。翡翠的次生色可分成氧化次生色和还原次生色两种类型。
氧化次生色主要成分是Fe的氧化物,形成的褐红色的翡翠,称为红翡,是充填在翡翠的裂隙及颗粒间隙中含有高价铁的化合物造成的。由于次生氧化作用是由外而内的,红翡分布在翡翠籽料的外层,由外皮向内形成红皮牛血雾一新鲜玉石的分带。
翡翠的颜色丰富多彩,正绿色为上品。其次为红色、蜜黄色、紫罗兰色等。优质的蓝色和油青色也深受人们的喜爱。每一类色彩又可细分为几种。色彩的微小差别都可极大地影响其价值。
一、翡翠常见颜色
1、绿(翠)色
绿(翠)色是翡翠的代表色,与宝石中祖母绿相媲美。翠色之美,是生命的含义,能给人最大的满足。绿色是生命和青春的象征,体现和平与安宁,同时代表钱财。
常见的绿色有宝石绿或祖母绿、苹果绿、秧苗绿或黄阳绿、葱芯绿、黄绿、蓝绿、豆青绿、菠菜绿、瓜皮绿、江水绿、蛤蟆绿、墨绿、灰绿等。
2、油青色
油青是底色偏灰,指颜色和底子。油青的种类很多,如蓝水、绿水、睛水和老油青。油是一种比较差的水光,体现在水头比较差的翡翠上,水头好的不显油性。油青色常和冰地相得益彰,这种手镯很受欢迎。
3、飘花
飘花是绿色、蓝绿色呈云片状分布于冰地或玻璃地翡翠中,是一个价格不菲的品种。一件做工得当的飘花翡翠,犹如中国水墨画。传统的飘花是指色蓝花,一只中档的纯正冰地飘蓝花手镯要10万元以上。
4、红色
红色象征着爱和热,代表福气、钱财。翡翠中红色常带褐色,正红者少。红色是翡翠的次生色,分布在裂隙及颗粒间隙中含有高价铁的化合物造成的。红色在饰品中起到画龙点睛的作用,与绿色在一起,其效果大有可观,价值不菲。在翡翠界中有“万翠易得,一翡难寻”的说法。
5、黄色
黄色象征着光辉灿烂,代表着权力和富贵。翡翠中黄色多为偏褐的黄色,如果与少许绿色相搭配,再施予巧雕,能得到意想不到的效果。
6、紫(春)色
紫色代表财气和喜庆,象征瑞福。所谓紫气东来,紫气冲天,象征着高贵和财富。紫色分成三种色调:粉紫、茄紫和蓝紫。紫色翡翠结晶较粗,种差,“十春九垮”,行内常将翡翠带紫称为春,再有其他颜色搭配称为春带彩。
7、白色类
翡翠的白色代表长寿,从油亮的奶白到透亮的水白色,层次多样,分为冰白和干白。冰白:透明—半透明,主要在玻璃种、冰种翡翠中出现,有冰清玉洁之感,是白色翡翠中的上品,起荧光(像充满水一样)。
干白:白色,不透明,颗粒粗,种差,为常见的中低档翡翠。
8、黑色
翡翠的黑色,实际上是较深的绿色,通过透光照射能看得出来,这种翡翠又叫墨玉。看上去是黑的,透光是绿色或蓝色。越黑越透乃上品。
9、三彩
在白地的翡翠上有两种颜色,一般为红、黄、绿、紫中的两者,行里称为福禄寿。有三种颜色者称为福禄寿喜。春带彩是福禄寿的一种。
翡翠的颜色不是孤立存在的,通常是几种颜色集中在一起,有主调,也有不同颜色,色彩搭配出不同效果。它要求有适当的翡翠质地相匹配,色彩与质地搭配和谐,能大大提高翡翠的观赏价值。
二、翡翠的颜色分布特征
翡翠的颜色分布特征又称为色形,翡翠的不同颜色有各自的分布特征,是认识翡翠的重要外观特征。翡翠中的颜色分布常见的形态和形状有丝状、带状、点状、斑状、团块状、片状(层状)等。
翡翠颜色分布特征是分布不均、伴有色根。在不同的体色上,能见到绿色丝絮、条纹或斑点(色根)。
色根是翡翠中的颜色分布不均匀的现象。色根是翡翠地子之外的绿色部分不均匀分布形成的。可以是各种形状,各种形态。一般来说色根的颜色可以与地子颜色有比较大的差异,也可以只是颜色深浅,或者颜色的形态,形状边界的变化。
色根通常具有一定的宽度和长度,与周边无色的部分的界线较为分明。
高档翡翠在阳光照射下,绿色相对均匀,但在强光下可见布满一个方向的色根;中低档翡翠,多在无色灰白色的底色上,见有绿色条纹或斑点。
翡翠的质地
一、翡翠的结构
玉石的结构是指组成矿物的颗粒大小、形态及相互关系。
翡翠是一种特殊的变质岩,是在一定温度压力条件下,经过变质结晶作用形成的。在其形成之后还遭受了不同程度的后期改造作用。变质结晶作用阶段主要形成一系列变晶结构。翡翠常见的结构有:纤维交织变晶结构、粒状变晶结构等。
纤维交织结构在地质学中又称为纤维变晶结构,纤维状的硬玉等矿物近乎定向排列或交织排列在一起。它是翡翠最常见的一种结构,形成了翡翠硬度高、韧性强等特点。透明度高,致密、细腻的高档翡翠多属此类。
一般来讲,矿物颗粒越粗、颗粒间结合越松散,则翡翠质地就越松散,透明度和光泽也差;相反,矿物颗粒越细、结合越紧密,则翡翠质地就越细腻致密,透明度好,光泽也强。纤维交织结构者韧性好,而粒状结构者韧性差。
翡翠的地子又称为底子,简称“地”或“底”,指的是翡翠除去绿色部分的基础部分,都称为地子,也就是底色的意思,是翡翠中除去重要色彩以外的部分的称呼。
二、翡翠质地的划分
翡翠的质地是翡翠中矿物颗粒大小及相互组合关系,大体分底细、底粗和底脏。
底细:翡翠矿物颗粒细小、质地细腻,俗称“肉细”。
底粗:翡翠矿物颗粒细大、质地粗糙,俗称“肉粗”。
底脏:翡翠中存在有黑色和锈色杂质。
由于翡翠中硬玉矿物颗粒大小不同、结晶组合关系不同,形成不同的质地,反映到透明度和翡翠质地细腻度也各不相同。总的说来,质地坚实细润、洁净、透明度高、底色均匀漂亮、光泽强的翡翠是好品种;而那些结晶颗粒粗、不透明、底脏的品种质量较差。我们将翡翠的质地进行了如下划分。
1、玻璃地
完全透明,玻璃光泽。翡翠的透明度与宝石不同,好的玻璃地镯子看上去透明如水晶,无杂质,是翡翠中最好的质地。
2、冰地
冰地次于玻璃地,全物通透如冰,即通明中如有一层薄雾,似净水封冻、凝滞。棉质与结构清晰分明,细腻均匀,犹如冰块。
3、蛋清地
质地如同鸡蛋清,玻璃光泽。半透明,但比较纯正,无杂质。
4、糯化地
内部结构朦胧不可分辨,棉质化在结构内部,半透明,果冻状。
5、豆地
豆地是一种很常见的翡翠种类,它的特点是颗粒比较粗,透光性较差,它的种类很多,如豆青种、冰豆种、油豆种、猫豆种、细豆种等。有“十有九豆”之说。
6、油地
表面具油润的感觉,但颜色暗,偏灰。绿得不正,让人感觉闷闷的,不抢眼。
7、白底青
底色白或灰,但透光性差,基本不透明,粉底,但个别也有冰底,结构一般较粗,绿色相对比较鲜艳。
8、瓷地
细白地,半透明,细腻色白。如果光泽好,也是好的玉雕原料。
9、干白地
不透明,白色均匀;结构粗糙,肉眼颗粒比较粗。
翡翠中硬玉矿物结晶颗粒细,呈纤维交织结构的翡翠,质地好,显示玻璃地、冰地、蛋清地、糯化地。
结晶颗粒粗大,矿物界线分明,质地差,如豆地、干白地。
翡翠质地的好坏直接关系到翡翠品质的等级和价值,因此,正确认识翡翠的结构和质地,是人们对翡翠品质判断的重要一环。
翡翠的水头
翡翠的水头指翡翠的透明度和水润度,是翡翠透过可见光的能力,是评价翡翠的重要标准之一。
透明度是指光在物体中的透过能力,翡翠的透明度主要指翡翠的透光性,同时与光泽有一定关系。水润度则是指翡翠晶莹剔透、水灵之感的强弱。
透明度和水润度高的,行家称为水头长,反之,则称为水头短。对于其他质量指标相同或相近的翡翠,其透明度越好,质量品级也越高,价值也越高。而有的翡翠的绿色能满足正、浓、阳、匀,但光透不进去,水润度也极差,这样的翡翠充其量只能作为中等品。
翡翠的瑕疵类型
瑕疵是天然宝玉石中不可避免的,很多人在购买翡翠遇到瑕疵时,大多数商家误导纹和裂是天然形成的,不算瑕疵。实际上瑕疵对于翡翠的品质根据具体情况可能有很大影响。以下为翡翠的部分瑕疵类型:
一、石花
石花是翡翠中团块状的白色絮状物,有石花表示颗粒粗,“组成矿物”分布不均匀,种质不够细腻。由于形态不同,石花中又分石脑、石萝卜花与芦花等。结晶颗粒粗大,矿物界线分明,质地差,如豆地、干白地。
二、棉
棉是翡翠内部呈半透明、微透明的白色包裹体(絮状物),为雾状、点状、片状,对光线产生阻碍,影响翡翠的通透度和美观度。
三、杂色的色斑和色带
这是指除绿色以外的色斑和色带,也称脏色,如黄褐色、黑灰色,底色、俏色、多色组合不能看作脏色。
四、黑点、黑丝和黑块
黑点、黑丝和黑块是翡翠中呈点状、斑状、丝状和带状的黑色部分。黑点是铬铁矿被硬玉交代后的残余;黑丝和黑带是碱性角闪石和辉石造成的。
五、裂、纹
裂、纹指翡翠原生或开采、加工过程中产生的裂隙。已愈合裂隙,也称“石纹”,对外观会产生不同程度的影响。未愈合的裂隙称裂纹,对翡翠品质的影响较大。翡翠的裂纹往往呈面状、线状出现在翡翠中,在对光观察时比较容易看到,但有时手镯里的石纹、色线也容易被看成裂,购买者需要在实践中比较区分,在选购的时候也容易判断错误。而种越好的翡翠,内部越清楚,绺裂等现象也越明显。因此,手镯的裂在选购时虽然需要重视,但不要过于强调。断绺是手镯当中最忌讳的问题。断绺问题严重的手镯,敲击的声音也不清脆。而且在佩戴过程中,容易有断掉的现象。
翡翠的种
翡翠的种是对翡翠的综合性概括或划分,描述了翡翠内部矿物颗粒大小以及矿物颗粒之间结合的紧密程度的关系,也可以说是指翡翠的内部结构和构造。它综合翡翠质地、水头和颜色,是评价翡翠品质的重要标志。
翡翠的种根据侧重点不同,有的强调颜色,有的强调质地。在翡翠圈里,有“外行看色,内行看种,高档货重在看种”。衡量一块翡翠的价值最重要的是“一种、二色、三工艺”。种差一分,价差十倍。翡翠的种主要有:
1、玻璃种
玻璃种是指像玻璃一样透明的翡翠,结构细腻致密,纯净透明,杂质少。有白玻璃种和带色玻璃种,如老坑玻璃种的颜色均匀,是翡翠中的极品。
白玻璃种有时真像玻璃,通透度极好,荧光足。
2、冰种
可见内部交织纤维结构,微晶部分肉眼不可分辨,透明度好,棉质与结构清晰分明,细腻均匀,犹如冰块。
3、芙蓉种
呈清淡绿色,玉质细腻均匀,水头好,有时呈淡淡的粉色,属中高档品种。
4、糯化种
内部结构朦胧不可分辨,棉质化在结构内部。水头好的糯化种可达到冰种的水平,为了区别普通的糯化种,这样的糯化种也称为冰种化底。
5、金丝种
绿色不均匀,呈丝状断断续续,水头好,底也好,也是中高档品种。
6、豆种
一种很常见的翡翠种类,它的特点是颗粒比较粗,透光性较差,它的种类很多,如豆青种、冰豆种、油豆种、猫豆种、细豆种等。
7、花青种
绿色分布不均匀,呈脉状或斑点状,料干,属中低档品种。
8、油青种
分高档油青和低档油青,高档玉质细腻,透明度好,反之为低档,低档表面具有油润的感觉,但颜色暗,绿得不正,让人感觉闷闷的,不抢眼。
9、干青种
其特征是颜色黄绿、深绿至墨绿,带黑点,常有裂纹,不透明,显得很干。
10、紫罗兰
颜色为紫色,透明度从冰种到粉底都有。
翡翠的鉴定
翡翠美丽和高贵的基础是真,只有真正的翡翠,才能使人产生美好的感觉,才可能具有高贵的价值。因此,我们必须研究如何区分翡翠与其相似品、如何判别翡翠赝品、如何判断翡翠是否经过处理等,以便让翡翠的美丽高贵在“真”的基础上发扬。
A货
未经充填和加色处理的天然翡翠玉件被称为A货。A货是指以天然翡翠原石为原料,在成品加工过程中只通过机械加工手段(物理方法),如切割、打磨、雕刻、抛光等制成的翡翠产品。
(翡翠观音吊坠)
翡翠A货不是指特别好看的翡翠,既有好的,也有差的,所谓差的是基本无色或者没有水头、很干的翡翠。A货翡翠因原料及成品没有一点人工作伪,货真价实,属于高档翡翠,具有最大的收藏价值和保值性、投资性。A货翡翠不但是物质财富,也是精神上的财富。
灯光下用肉眼观察A货翡翠,质地细腻、颜色柔和、石纹明显;轻微撞击,声音清脆悦耳;以手掂之有沉重感,明显区别于其他石质。由于矿藏和开采量的关系及人们需求量较大的特定条件,目前市场上很好的缅玉较少。特别是颜色翠绿、地子透亮的品种则少之又少。
一般如秧苗绿、菠菜绿、翡色或紫罗兰飘花的品种当为常见。而其他三类(B、C和D)都经过人工染色处理,其绿色显得不自然,呆滞、发邪、漂浮且无色根,日久天长会变色、褪色,无保值和收藏价值。
B货
翡翠B货是指在加工过程中对底灰黑而脏、水差的原料进行化学处理,去除杂质、杂色而制成的产品。如用酸性溶液浸泡,包括用浓盐酸加浓硝酸配制的王水等,或经过充填,包括充填高分子聚合物等处理的,称B货。
B货的矿物成分是天然翡翠的成分,颜色是天然的,但充填的胶老化后会影响颜色的明亮鲜艳程度,影响透明度、光泽等。
了解B货是鉴定翡翠的关键,了解翡翠B货的重点是要了解其制作过程及鉴定、辨别。早期的翡翠B货,表面常会有一层黄色的铁染物质,影响外观。通常的方法就是将翡翠浸泡在强酸中,经过一段时间,其表面的黄色即可去掉,这一过程叫“脱黄”。初期的B货经酸洗处理后,再洗干净,然后上蜡,粗看与正常翡翠没什么分别,但受到温度的影响时,所上的蜡就容易脱落,表面的裂隙很快会显露出来,所以初期的B货十分容易被检验出来。现在翡翠B货的制作技术得到了很大的改善和提高。为了在收藏中准确鉴定翡翠,有必要了解其制作过程。
首先要选种,不是任何种质都可以用来制作B货。选择强酸溶液,现在一般用盐酸,将需要处理的翡翠洗净放入浸泡,种质不同,所需要的时间也不同,一般需2~3个星期,由于强酸的侵蚀,翡翠原来紧密的结构会遭到破坏而成松散状。将经过酸处理的翡翠洗净,这时翡翠表面及内部已形成蜂巢状,结构变得十分松散,所以需要用粘结力极强的环氧树脂胶结起来。加热固结,将用环氧树脂胶结的翡翠用锡纸包住放在微波炉中加热,一方面使多余的树脂流出,同时加热后也会使环氧树脂固化。最后用力将肉眼能看到的凸出的环氧树脂部分切割掉,然后抛光。
鉴定B货时,可以发现经过漂色的翡翠,颜色一般显得较鲜艳,但不太自然,有时会使人感到带有黄气,具有树脂的光泽,天然翡翠呈现玻璃光泽,结构显得松散,有的晶体会被错开、移位。A货光线的穿透力较强,晶莹剔透,在苍蝇翅处反光很强;B货的光线穿透力较弱,比较模糊;就像玻璃和玻璃胶的感觉。种质差的过去看表面就可看出,但近年有很多新开发出来的白地青的料子种很差,做出来的东西表面有很明显的酸洗过的痕迹,但上红外光谱吸收仪则显示为A货,没有胶峰。
B货辨别要把握几个要点:
第一,B货初看颜色不错,仔细观察,颜色发呆、发邪,灯下观察,色彩透明度减弱。
第二,B货在两年内逐渐失去光泽,满身裂纹,变得很丑。这是由强酸对其原有品质的破坏引起的。翡翠经过强酸浸泡后,内部结构遭到一定的破坏,变得不那么牢固,所以要用环氧树脂处理,让环氧树脂渗入翡翠内部,干了以后起“加固”作用。由于环氧树脂干了以后呈无色透明状态,所以翡翠B货用环氧树脂“加固”以后仍然那么漂亮。但环氧树脂是有机化合物,时间长了会老化。这种翡翠由于原有的物理结构被破坏,在二、三年内会逐渐失去光泽,老化后颜色逐渐变黄,同时产生许多龟裂纹。这些裂纹对光照产生散射作用,影响了翡翠颜色的视觉效果。一般情况下,五年后裂纹开始起作用,绿色会“褪”去不少,时间越长裂纹越多,翡翠戒面的绿色,也会越来越少。
第三,密度下降,重量减轻。轻微撞击,声音发闷,失去了A货的清脆声。
第四,使用仪器观察。经处理过的硬玉的平均比重为3.29,低于翡翠B货的3.30~3.34。经傅立业变换红外线光谱仪进行分析后,发现在2.800cm-1至3.050cm-1之间出现透射率低谷,表明该硬玉含有树脂。使用Chelsea滤光镜观察时,颜色仍为黄绿色,但其他经过染色的绿硬玉则会变为褐色。
宝石鉴定师在使用Chelsea滤光镜时应小心,因其未必能够察觉部分经过染色的硬玉。现在人工处理翡翠的技术越来越高超了,要正确鉴定也相应变得困难。收藏者要多看实物,熟练掌握翡翠的各种特征,方能将之识破。
C货
C货的称呼是由Coloredjadeite(染色硬玉)的字头而来,即经加色处理的称C货,C货的矿物成分是天然翡翠的成分。
C货是经过物理和化学染色处理的中下等原料。C货的处理方法与B货大致相同,不同之处为:翡翠上可能无色或绿较浅淡或绿较散,又用人工方法加色,在加工过程中经过添加外来染料的方法加色(炮色),使原来无色、绿较浅淡或绿较散的翡翠改变颜色。
但经人工加入颜色的翡翠遇到较高的温度就会脱色,即使是没有外力作用,长久后C货的绿色也容易褪,其质地也和B货一样不能持久。翡翠虽可以染成各种颜色,但以染成绿色和紫色较普遍,尤其是绿色。不但裸石及玉器可以染色,而且切片及原石(原料)也可以染色。染色的过程包括加热及加高压两个步骤。加热必须小心谨慎徐徐加热,以促使翡翠的毛细孔张开,再以高压力使染色扩散渗入到整个翡翠表层。
相对于B货来说,C货是更次一等的翡翠,毕竟B货翡翠的颜色是原来固有的,而C货是用无色翡翠浸色而成。C货与B货的区别在于:B货只去脏增水而不人工上色,而C货有时既要去脏增水又要人工上色,有时底净水好的硬玉可直接上色。真正精细的染色品,外行人是没办法用肉眼辨识的。必须是行家以科学的方法检验,再加上专业知识才能鉴别。对染色做工粗糙品,可用肉眼观察其下列特征进行鉴定。
经过人工注色处理的C货辨伪要点如下:
用肉眼观察,颜色不正,发邪。灯下细看,颜色不是自然地存在于硬玉晶体的内部,而是充填在矿物的裂隙中,呈网状分布,没有色根。颜色的分布是由染色的主脉纹分出细脉染色纹,如同植物主根分出侧根而遍布全石。染色翡翠将失去光泽而呈“干”或“缺水”(不透明)状态。颜色偏蓝,不自然,即所谓邪色。颜色特别“整齐”像穿制服一样,千篇一律。
虽然染色翡翠多是单一色,但并不是说多色者就不会是染的,尤其手镯更有可能被染成绿色、紫色及红色的三色手镯即所谓的福、禄、寿镯。用强力褪字灵擦洗,表面颜色能够去掉或变为褐色。外观颜色暗、沉闷且偏蓝,因是由蓝色素污着染色。颜色仅存在表层,看起来浮浮的。
D货
D货严格来说不是翡翠,它是由类似于翡翠的其他石料或人工合成似翡翠的玻璃料制成。常见的类似翡翠石料有八三玉,是产于缅甸北部的长石和硬玉混生岩石,质地并不好,但经灌胶充填裂隙后,因酷似翡翠的形象而赢得市场,市场上的大量手镯是用八三玉制成的。
还有一些挂件也用八三玉制成,它半透明,干净的紫色、淡绿色非常美丽,与中档翡翠手镯的成色极为相似,但价格是中档翡翠的几分之一或几十分之一,这种D货翡翠只有装饰价值,没有收藏价值。八三玉没有浓艳绿色,市场上出现的浓艳色八三玉是人工染色制成的。
翡翠的估价
翡翠质量的综合评价
消费者在购买翡翠饰品,尤其是购买贵重的翡翠饰品前,有两大问题必须引起高度重视:第一,辨别真假,防止以假充真,以免吃亏上当。第二,应大体上能观察、衡量出欲购买饰品的质量档次,品级高低,价值如何。
当我们面对一件翡翠饰品时,通常可以从翡翠的颜色(色)、结构与构造(种)、透明度(水)、底(地张)、工艺(工)、完美度和重量大小七个方面,来综合衡量质量优劣及品级高低,从而大致估出其价值范围。这七个指标可称为衡量翡翠饰品价值的七个要素。七个要素的综合即为评估翡翠质量的综合标准。
1、颜色
简称“色”,是影响翡翠质量分级和商品价值最直观、最重要的因素。评价翡翠颜色的价值有五个要素,即色调、明度、饱和度、色比和色形,前三个要素在色彩学中被称为“颜色三要素”,后两个要素是考虑到翡翠价值评价的复杂必需性而增加的。
(1)色调:即颜色的种类,是色彩间相互区分的特征。在翡翠饰品中红为翡,绿为翠,紫为“䄝”。以翠贵,“䄝”次之,翡再次之,其他颜色的价值排列于这三类颜色之后。
(2)明度:指级色的明亮程度,也称“亮度”。颜色明度高为色阳(色亮),质量佳,颜色明度低为色阴(色暗),质量低。
(3)饱和度:指颜色的鲜艳程度,颜色的饱和度高为色浓(色深)、饱和度低为色淡(色浅)。饱和度必须适中,才有良好的视觉感受。
(4)色比:指在一件翡翠饰品中,有颜色部分的面积(或体积)与总面积(或总体积)的比值。色比值用百分数表示,有色部分越多,色比值越大,价值也越高。如果一件翡翠饰品中有几种颜色,则可估算出每种颜色的色比值,据此结合各相关因素作出评价。
(5)色形:即颜色在翡翠饰品中的形状,如丝状、条状、波纹状等。在翡翠玉件中,颜色的形状可谓千姿百态、美不胜收。好的底上有好的色调同时具有好的色形,会产生强烈的神秘感和巨大的艺术魅力,使翡翠的价值陡然上升,这种情况在玉雕摆件等饰品中并不少见。
2、结构与构造
结构与构造在传统的翡翠界简称“种”,种包含了两个既相互独立又相互影响的含义。
(1)矿物集合体的结构:翡翠晶粒的大小、形态特征和相互关系,以及翡翠矿物的内部解理等。
(2)矿物集合体的构造:翡翠晶体的形状,组合方式,疏密程度、微裂隙及石纹等。通常,翡翠的“种“好,则结构均匀细腻,粒度细,其组织构造变化小,抛光后其表面光滑程度佳、整块玉件透明度高,如老坑玻璃种翡翠。反之,翡翠的“种”差,则结构不均匀,粒度粗,其组织构造变化大,表面抛光性差,玉件的透明度降低,如马牙种、豆种翡翠等。
3、透明度
俗称“水”或“水头”。透明度的优劣,反映了一件翡翠饰品是否品莹、清澈、通透和润泽。透明度与翡翠的“种”、“色”及表面抛光程度有关。在“种”和抛光程度相同的情况下,颜色淡,则透明度高;颜色浓,则透明度降低。翡翠的透明度越好,其价值越高。在翡翠商业界,透明度是以阳光或手电简的光线在玉料中能穿透的深度来衡量的,如“二分水”指阳光在玉料中能透入的深度是二分,约为6mm。在实践中,珠宝科技工作者将翡翠的透明度划为透明、亚透明、半透明、微透明和不透明五类,每类都对应着一些典型的翡翠品种。
4、底
俗称“地张”或“底子”。对于未接触过翡翠的人来说,底的概念也比较抽象,对“底”的传统解释是:在翡翠中除色以外的部分,底犹如一张纸,色就如同纸上作的画,色与底协调,方为上品。
5、工艺
简称“工”,包括翡翠饰品的设计构思、制作与雕刻工艺。显然,具有创意、经典高雅、做工精良的饰品方为上品。
6、完美度
主要指翡翠玉件的纯净程度和完好程度,如无杂质、无瑕疵、无绺裂、无缺陷,不含黑点、石花等。对于有关联要求的饰品,完美度还包括成双、对称、配套的满意程度,如耳钉、耳环就有成双、对称的要求,龙风玉牌就有配套、完整的问题。
7、重量大小
对于两块在色、种、水、底等方面相同或相近的翡翠,当然是重量大的价值高于重量轻的。
在以上各项指标中,色、种、水、工四项指标最重要,种、水决定着一块玉件是否有“灵气”,色则常常决定了玉件是否高贵,工则通过饰品所选择的题材、造型及制作水平,反映了设计者的思维和制作者的工艺。选择了某种题材和制作水平的饰品,也就展示了佩戴者在生活中的某种意识、愿望、审美情趣及价值观念等思维活动,因此“工”有着不能忽视的重要地位。只有既具备好的颜色,又具有“灵气”,同时有着好的表现内容和制作水平,才能显出翡翠饰品的高贵、典雅和隽永的内涵。
对于少数特殊的翡翠制品评价,除考虑上述七个要素外,还须考虑其特有的政治、人文背景及历史文物价值等因素。
翡翠绿色的分级评估
翡翠品质的好坏,绿色是重要条件之一,但因绿色十分丰富,变化多端,而且翡翠几乎包括了自然界所有给分级带来了许多困难。但只要利用好色彩学的原理,抓住绿色调,翡翠的分级就会迎刃而解。同时,为了正确地给翡翠估价,在掌握绿色程度的同时,还需要对色力、种份同时掌握。因为翡翠的商业价值主要体现在绿色上,评估时必须对绿色、色力、种份综合考虑。
1、绿的程度分四个等级
(1)超高级:均匀纯正绿色。绿色纯正、均匀,色与底融为一体,不浓不淡,绿色具有艳、润、亮、丽的特点。因其产量非常稀少,故价值极高。如祖母绿、翠绿、苹果绿、黄秧绿等。
(2)高级:根据正绿色的均匀程度,可以再细分为两个档次。
一档:较均匀正绿色。整体绿色深浅适中、均匀,但在整体绿色中,可见少量较浓的绿色条带、斑块、斑点等。总体绿色具有艳、润、亮、丽的特点。其产量比较稀少。
二档:不均匀正绿色。绿色不均匀,其内绿色浓淡分布,整体绿色浓淡适中,绿色具有艳、润、亮的特点。其产量比一档绿色的略多。白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布有散点状、条带状、斑块状或斑点状正绿的,评价时可视绿色的多少、大小、厚薄或绿色所占饰品体积百分比来决定升降等级。主要应依据绿色部分能否做标准戒面及其他饰品来作为评价的基本原则。
以上所述两级的高翠,其光谱、波长为530nm~510nm。通过反复观看熟悉后,肉眼也可较准确判断此光谱波长之内的翠绿色彩。若绿色稍浅淡或较浓时,可根据其他评价条件确定等级。
(3)中级:凡高翠呈色绿中偏蓝者属于这个这个级别,根据偏蓝程度的不同,又可分为两个档次。
一档:微偏蓝绿色(光谱波长在510nm~490nm之间)。包括浅淡正绿色、浓深正绿色、鲜艳红色、紫罗兰色、艳黄色。这些品种翡翠的颜色均匀,不浓不淡,具有润、亮、丽的特点。如果颜色不均匀,整体微偏蓝绿色、红色、紫罗兰色、艳黄色,可见色调深浅者,可根据等级评价的标准降低其级别。若微偏蓝绿色浅淡或较浓时,同样应降等级。
若白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布有散点状、条带状、斑块斑点状微偏蓝绿色的,评价时可视微偏蓝绿色的多少、大小、厚薄或微偏蓝绿色所占饰品体积百分比来升降等级。
若翡翠饰品上含正绿色调在内的四种以上色彩者,尤其是五种色彩的玉十分珍贵,评价时视绿色在四彩、五彩玉石中的多少来升降级别。
二档:蓝绿色(光谱波长在490nm~470nm之间)。包括淡红色、淡黄绿色、淡紫罗兰色、淡黄色、纯透白色、见绿油膏、纯透黑色翡翠等。色调均匀、不浓不淡,具有润、亮的特点。若色调分布不均匀、浓淡明显者,可根据等级评价条件降低其级别。若蓝绿色浅淡或较浓时,同样应降等级。
若白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布散点状、条带状、斑块斑点状蓝绿色的,可视蓝绿色的大小、多少、厚薄或蓝绿色所占饰品体积的百分比来升降等级。
(4)一般级:蓝、灰蓝色(光谱波长在470nm以下)。包括暗蓝色、油青等。色调均匀纯净,具有润的特点。这个级别的绿中显黑,绿中夹过多蓝色,绿中显灰。部分油青如属绿辉石玉,不属翡翠定级范畴。
2、色力分四个等级
(1)高级:摆下看、悬空看都浓艳。
(2)中级:摆下看浓艳,悬空看浅淡。
(3)一般级:摆下看不太浅淡,悬空看浅淡。
(4)低级:摆下看浅淡,悬空看更淡。
3、种份分四个等级
(1)高级:半透明以上,质地细、硬度高。
(2)中级:半透明质地坚实。
(3)一般级:接近半透明,质地一般,略有夹棉。
(4)低级:微透明,质地差,夹棉多。
如果将翡翠成品分为档次,根据货币数量应分为以10万元为单位的超高档、万元以上的高档、以千元为单位的中档、以百元为单位的一般档、以十元为单位的低档,一共五个档次。虽然市场情况变化很大,但其大体估价相差不大。下面简单罗列粗线条的投档方式:
(高绿蛋彩光身戒面)
(中高级色力的观音玉饰)
(1)超高档:色的纯正超高级,色力高级,种份高级。
(红翡绿翠玉镯:超高级)
(2)高档:三个方面都是高级或两个方面高级(含超高级),一方面中级。
(3)中档:一方面高级,两方面中级,或三个方面中级,或两方面高级,一方面一般。
(4)一般档:两方面中级,一方面一般,或一方面中级、两方面一般。
(5)低档:一方面中级,两方面一般,或三方面都一般。
种色均好的玉料不多,制作者多将其用于戒面。种好色次的玉料不少,多是手镯的取材范围。所以选择手镯,只要种好、底洁净,三色、五色、绿丝、绿片、蓝花都算好货色。
一个老山玉,皮壳之下到处显绿,应注意其真假,因为这样显绿的老山玉是极其稀少的。一件玉器通体显绿,呈现均匀的地毯式的绿色,也应该注意其真假,因为玉之真色是自然之色,不可能这样均匀刻板、毫无瑕疵,成语“白璧微瑕”就是这个意思。人工补充绿色,玉件似乎有了自然感,但由于化学药品、电压影响,透明度虽好,质地总会有变异。如果是成品,从补色面的背面悬空望去,补色部分的绿色有空泛发泡不正之感,与真玉之自然绿色不同。因为真色的范围是逐步扩散的。认准玉石绿色之真,才能否定人工假色之伪。
翡翠的收藏与投资
收藏、投资翡翠的步骤
投资的第一步是学习。要学习有关珠宝的知识特别是翡翠知识,从书本中学习,积极参与各种有关翡翠的讲座、研习班、珠宝展览会,学术交流会等各项有关珠宝的活动,多和宝玉石专家、学者、收藏家、业者、消费者等接触,学习培养自身对翡翠玉石的知识,并积累经验,奠定坚实的基础。
投资的第二步是收藏。翡翠等宝玉石的研究与投资,并非一朝一夕可成。对翡翠玉石的认知不足而急于投入,风险就会很大。最好的方法是在投入翡翠玉石行业前,先当一位快乐的收藏家。
在收藏时一定要记住以下儿点:
①进货成本不宜过高。一般来说从店面实价买货就会成本过高,最好能到珠宝玉石的批发市场或源头进货。
②买精不买多。收藏各类翡翠玉石的精品。宁买高价位的精品货,不买低价位的垃圾货。因为大路货做收藏投资回报率低,而在国际国内市场上,高品质的翡翠玉石涨价最为明显,所以收藏一定要以各种翡翠玉石的精品为主。
投资的第三步是市场开发。尽量多去认识一些人,如宝玉石专家学者、收藏家、业者、消费者等,让你周围的人知道你在研究及收藏翡翠玉石,让他们成为你的朋友,因为这些人极有可能是以后的供货源头或固定客户。
投资的第四步是诚信经营。当万事俱备,就到了你该上柜台从事营销的时候了。此时的你早已是行家,应当得心应手了。珠宝玉石这一行不同的人所处环境和条件不同、所学程度不同、营运方法不同,但最基本的一条是务必要诚信为本。因为宝玉石经营消费群体相对较小,从业人员较少,一旦欺诈被揭穿就会在业内诚信全无,很难立足,再想投资经营就不易起步翻身。
收藏、投资翡翠的步骤很多,但以上四步是最基本的功底,需要各类玩家努力打牢基础。
收藏、投资翡翠的类型
许多玩家初入门时,往往面对翡翠缤纷杂乱的交易市场显得无从下手,茫然失措。其实,揭开这个行当神秘的面纱,由简到繁,从小到大,由低到高,先成品后原石,应该是无数人走过的成功之路,值得初入门者借鉴。
一、首饰类
首饰类翡翠爱好者众多,初入门者可作为收藏投资的首选。因为首饰类玉器易于保藏,容易出手,回报率高,同时件小质优,没有赌性,风险最小,初具翡翠鉴赏常识和经验的人即可涉猎,又因为价格灵活,投资者可在数千元、数万元、数十万元至上百万元之间,根据自己经济实力自主选择,适合各种类型的投资者入门。
首饰类包括翡翠戒指、手镯、耳环、项链、胸花、各种挂件与花件。1985年有人在云南德宏州买一对高档翠绿翡翠手镯,大约要0.6万元~0.8万元;而在1995年香港拍卖会上同品质的手镯,最后成交价高达1200万港币。1997年11月,一条由28粒优质翠绿翡翠串成的珠链,在香港的拍卖价为7262万港币。据说这条精美翠链的原主人数年前购入时仅花数百万元。由此可见,投资高档翡翠首饰确实存在巨大的升值空间。但因投资失误导致血本无归的事例也不少。
二、雕件类
收藏投资此类翡翠雕件,同样具有风险性。雕件类翡翠有单色和多色(俏色、巧色)两大类,因玉料件大(与首饰类相比)、设计巧妙、做工精细、造型灵巧、寓意吉祥而广受欢迎,成为投资收藏者青睐的重点。但精美的雕件类翡翠相对投入较大,周转时间也长一些。收藏投资者不光要有独到的眼光,更要具备耐心和毅力。
三、原石类
选购翡翠原石又称“赌石”,这是一项充满神奇和刺激的商贸交易活动。它是收藏投资者具备丰富的知识、经验、人脉、资金、勇气之后,才能涉猎的高级投资行为。它所以称为“赌石”,是因为有赌的成分在内。
一块貌不惊人的翡翠原石往往要投入数十万或数百万元才能购得,这块“赌石”如果是优质满绿,购买者可能会一夜之间变成腰缠万贯的富翁;如果是一块劣质翡翠,眨眼间就会变成穷困潦倒的贫汉。因此,投资翡翠原石必须要有丰富的实践经验、深厚的宝玉石鉴赏知识和雄厚的经济实力。但是,有些人往往被暴富的光环所迷惑,他们靠东借西贷去“赌石”,其结果是胜者极少,败者如群蛾扑灯,蹈火者众,留下无数沉痛的教训。
总之,投资翡翠时要谨慎理性,循序渐进。投资之前一定要博采众议,剑胆琴心,三思而后行,决不能有一下子抱个金娃娃的非分之想。
收藏、投资翡翠的注意事项
一、购买翡翠应具备的常识
第一,不要轻信售玉人的花言巧语。有些玉商为了掩饰其文化水平低下或基础知识匮乏,往往摆出一副内行的架势,比如对翡翠成因、产地、性质、个别染色皮的判别等侃侃而谈。由于一些玉器知识、指标目前国际上尚无成熟的标准,他们敢在顾客面前说教,首先能占领心理优势,然后以“不挣钱”为诱饵,从而实现其获取高额利润的目的。顾客要有自信心,不要被玉商唬住。
第二,不要购买没有经过鉴定的翡翠。各地质检部门强制标准明文规定,所有作为商品销售的翡翠饰品,均需配有法定鉴定机构出具的鉴定证书或小牌等检测标识。在检测机构受理的被骗案例中,90%以上都没有相应的鉴定材料。因此购买翡翠时,要看一看该翡翠是否经过法定检测机构鉴定,是否出具了相应的鉴定证书或小牌,不要听信忽悠,以免上当受骗。或者可在购买翡翠之前与玉店老板协商,征得同意后,先将翡翠饰品送到法定检测机构鉴定,尔后再做交易。购买翡翠时,如果对翡翠饰品鉴定证书有不清楚之处,可拨打证书下方电话咨询,以确定真伪。但一些地方的个别检测机构不负责任,玉商出钱就出证书。所以除信鉴定证书外,还要到正规商家处买货,以加大保险系数。
第三,购买翡翠时向老板索要正规发票。如无发票,可索要售玉人收款的收据,注意请其加盖印章或老板签名。这样如有争议,可以作为“讨回公道”的有利证据。
第四,要买的翡翠一定要事先看仔细。看不清楚可拿到店门外的阳光下反复看,或用10倍放大镜仔细看。玉器的一些毛病、不足常会被商人用各种方法加以掩饰。这些毛病(如残缺、修复、黏合、绺裂等)在店内的白炽灯、日光灯下不一定能看清楚。粗心大意,交了钱才发现就会出现麻烦,甚至要吃大亏,那就后悔莫及。
第五,尽量少在旅游景点或流动摊点上购买翡翠。在旅游景点或流动摊点上购买玉器,一是容易买假货,而且不易挽回损失,二是要多花不少冤枉钱。一些旅游景点上的商店给导游回扣,这部分钱当然是羊毛出在羊身上。据说一些旅游商店和旅行社的导游联手,事先掌握来团的籍贯,商店老板就会冒充同乡忽悠游客,使人沉醉于乡情而不知不觉上当。
二、购买翡翠应具备的技巧
一般玉器交易,既无明码标价,又无统一价格。多数玉商对内行人客气,对外行人则漫天要价。不知就里者常多掏冤枉钱,或掏大钱买假货。因此,从事玉器交易,必须掌握一些基本技巧。
第一,看中某件东西不要急于买下,要沉得住气。可以随意先问其他货品的价位,使卖家误认为你对要买的货无兴趣。然后突然顺口问到相中货的货价,使玉商猝不及防,仓促间报出较实的价位。顾客就能以实价买到理想的玉件。
第二,看到好的东西要稳住情绪,不动声色。喜欢的东西一定不能当面说喜欢,应该反复查看玉器,尽量装作找毛病(不足)。甚至要挑出毛病(不足),把它贬低一通,否则价钱难以压下去。
第三,学会讨价还价,设法把价钱压到最低。玉器店、旅游区、地摊上的报价都有较大甚至很大的水分,若还价高了就很被动。有人戏称“对半带拐弯”还价,即卖家报1000元,还到400元~500元成交,即比较理想。但有些地方的玉商喊价可以高出成交价五倍、十倍甚至更高。所以还价必须事先了解行情,讲究技巧,不能机械套用。
第四,不要不懂装懂,乱吹一气,也不要盲目问些幼稚的话。这样商家一听即知道是外行,很容易把买玉人当做“菜牛”宰客。有时真不懂,反而不说或少说更好。要入翡翠这一行,应勤学好问,多看少买,了解掌握一些翡翠的基本常识。这样在寻玉、鉴玉的过程中,不知不觉中流露出自己并非很外行,商家便不敢胡乱吹嘘、漫天要价了。
三、购买翡翠应注意的事项
第一,不要一味参照书本上或文物店的玉器图形,与自己在市场上见到的玉器对号入座,难免错将仿品当真品。
第二,不要买东西认贱不认贵。不知在玉器收藏中精品最具收藏价值和升值潜力,以致买回一大堆玉器垃圾而浑然不知,还陶然自乐。
第三,不要稍通一点玉器知识即自以为是,趾高气扬地到玉器地摊、市场去捡漏子。狡猾的玉商最欢迎这种人,常常顺其口风溜须拍马,使收藏者掏了高价,买了假货和劣品还自以为是。
第四,不要盲目相信玉品上的款识和铭文,而不知在玉器、古玩、字画上落假款乃是作伪者最常用的伎俩。常见到有人在亲朋好友面前炫耀某大师的作品。殊不知一个玉石雕刻大师一年四季不休息,能亲手做出几件精品?这些玉器多为大师的徒弟或徒孙们的手艺,甚至根本就是高仿冒充大师的作品。
第五,不要片面理解拍卖图录,不知图录上的标价有伸缩性,玉器美观程度与实物也有差异。图录上的玉器多经过摄影师或后期制作美润,使其更加漂亮。按图索骥到市场找玉器,对照标价掏钱买玉器,其结果可想而知。
第六,不要错以为农民家藏的旧玉都绝对可靠,而不知道有些貌似忠厚的农民实则以贩假为生,拿有瑕疵的翡翠玉料染色作皮冒充原石A货,甚至冒充明、清、民国的旧玉以售其奸。
以上这些,可以给收藏、投资翡翠者提供借鉴,吸取他人的教训,少走或不走弯路。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠,自古以来就以它深邃晶莹的质地,以及蕴涵着东方文化的灵秀之气,成为公认的“玉中之王”,它是最昂贵的宝石品种,具有很高的经济价值、收藏价值和观赏价值。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaKsIoKMmucG6Ufs4HK5qjc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的基本知识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn66Ag2kAKKMU6cvLM80utWb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠在国际上(矿物名称)称为硬玉,是一种以硬玉为主的矿物集合体,属多色玉石,红色的翡,绿色的翠。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUcY4caoQGGucyGed3DeANc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的由来","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO6KouWIEWgKAO48DdOJ8Uc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠名称来源有几种说法,","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一说","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"来自鸟名,这种鸟羽毛非常鲜艳,雄性的羽毛呈红色,名翡鸟(又名赤羽鸟),雌性羽毛呈绿色,名翠鸟(又名绿羽鸟),合称翡翠,所以,行业内有翡为公、翠为母之说。明朝时,缅甸玉传入中国后,就冠以“翡翠”之名。","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"另一说","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",古代“翠”专指新疆和田出产的绿玉,翡翠传入中国后,为了与和田绿玉区分,称其为“非翠”,后渐演变为“翡翠”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQOeiWGcCcoIOkbda8wJbfc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":853,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的由来","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5382e653a9ad4aef923665d60129100b","width":1280},"text":"","id":"doxcnGW4QMIqyuWSMKehbSGc2Af"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(翡翠鸟胸针)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnycoIE2qMgskEOM5Qagvjed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠迄今约有300余年的历史,从唐朝就作为贡品进入中国内地(一般认为翡翠被运用于中国的玉雕业是在明朝)。由于过去翡翠主要由云南腾冲加工、运出,因此,翡翠过去也称为“云南玉”。至今也保持着去云南必购玉的习惯。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS86ekUWQE6eiSsmtgmeHOg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的定义","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng4oW2uo0eMaSYZVSFS2Mpc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠是一种以硬玉、钠铬辉石和绿辉石为主要组成成分,质地细腻、坚硬柔韧、色彩丰富、已达到玉石级工艺美术要求的天然矿物集合体。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY2004QA28O4wn1kM2tHxq5"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"自从300年前翡翠传入我国,翡翠就毫不留情地替代了古来名贵的白玉,把中国玉文化推向了一个更高层次。翡翠以其色泽——艳丽多彩、光泽油亮,质地——坚韧、均匀、细腻,优良的物理性能、独特的玉文化内涵,成为最具观赏价值、收藏价值和文化艺术价值、利润最高的宝玉石之一,被誉为“玉石之王”,深受亚洲人,尤其是华人的青睐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWQ6qAQUEmOISqH6xANh0g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"不仅如此,它还有“佩之益人生灵,纯避邪气”的作用。多年来,人们一直把翡翠当成护身符佩戴。在中国,女性佩戴翡翠戒指、手镯,男性以玉佩为主。人们把翡翠和祖母绿宝石一起列为5月份的诞生石,是运气和幸福的象征。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsYcuY8mKWqMKmajeOiPbpf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK2A2E0gkgMq8IFZixmdyze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、翡翠的主要物质构成","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsocw0YCYKWOkorbH883RAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠属辉石类,其主要组成物为硅酸铝钠,宝石矿中一般将含量超过50%以上的硅酸铝钠视为翡翠,出产于低温高压下生成的变质岩层中。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UWcwE8Yuee4KoTG0j2bUL"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"传统上只把硬玉为主要矿物成分的集合体当作翡翠。近十年来,不断有以钠铬辉石、绿辉石和钠长石等为主要矿物成分的集合体出现,并以各种名称出现在翡翠市场上,其中钠铬辉石和绿辉石集合体与硬玉集合体具有相近的宝石特性。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsKaq6WMaCWSQIXjss6zRsc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":303,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b42b0a2ce822463f823170d8e36d86a5","width":895},"text":"","id":"doxcn8eAAC0ecS8IAkX0JDY0pPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、翡翠的主要矿物","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI0gemCggmwWoeQ0AhcaLJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"含量大于95%的矿物成分,包括硬玉(最主要)、钠铬辉石和绿辉石。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmigSWs62kO4NryFrbfzCI"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、硬玉","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuqUUEeeQKkAsuyxrBQYDMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬玉是组成翡翠的主要矿物成分,翡翠中90%~95%以上矿物成分都是硬玉。成分较纯的硬玉为无色;但含Cr、Fe、Ni等微量元素时,显示为绿色,这些微量元素的存在使翡翠颜色丰富多彩。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUiSUGiU0yaYwcTuEuz8yAd"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":206,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3e56feef14a1408596ff99fddb4dd8f4","width":599},"text":"","id":"doxcnuUCcIM2Qmg0eaYTKzKuZHf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":199,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的物质组成","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/417dcc9a261b496e8d7b7f824eaa0b71","width":602},"text":"","id":"doxcnKIAc8IeAwYQYa8eiQEonSd"}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8SaIg4GmM46cQvOKC3sGQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、钠铬辉石","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8SaIg4GmM46cQvOKC3sGQd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钠铬辉石是欧阳秋眉(1983)在研究缅甸翡翠的过程中发现的,并作了系统的矿物学研究,从而改变了Deer等人认为它只是陨石成因的看法。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSM2ASuMy6I0yWolIImzqlg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"t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"text":"棉是翡翠内部呈半透明、微透明的白色包裹体(絮状物),为雾状、点状、片状,对光线产生阻碍,影响翡翠的通透度和美观度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEcmOw0aq2406GwPbbZMVmf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的瑕疵类型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/07c30ffa771643349462d1742abd3d17","width":1080},"text":"","id":"doxcnco6GQowQcwQkoPXPn5E9Rc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、杂色的色斑和色带","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEGYc0wy62eIiQdgpOeuKLc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这是指除绿色以外的色斑和色带,也称脏色,如黄褐色、黑灰色,底色、俏色、多色组合不能看作脏色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnimQQwKi02ccGEFOkmjQO4j"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":540,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的瑕疵类型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d99446d875134969a329b8b4d56e751f","width":760},"text":"","id":"doxcnwQQMaUwueGqUYnYB9LwSPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"四、黑点、黑丝和黑块","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEU8yKWOusGaMjpmlrV1xg7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"黑点、黑丝和黑块是翡翠中呈点状、斑状、丝状和带状的黑色部分。黑点是铬铁矿被硬玉交代后的残余;黑丝和黑带是碱性角闪石和辉石造成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnak8s2M4iwym4OMohcvf4uc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":768,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的瑕疵类型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d7f265d42ebb4017a6aeafbc17e83413","width":1024},"text":"","id":"doxcnQEKEcciaCUKK6CzFMqpMNh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"五、裂、纹","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuiGQGAAAOa4Gk9q02qdhSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"裂、纹指翡翠原生或开采、加工过程中产生的裂隙。已愈合裂隙,也称“石纹”,对外观会产生不同程度的影响。未愈合的裂隙称裂纹,对翡翠品质的影响较大。翡翠的裂纹往往呈面状、线状出现在翡翠中,在对光观察时比较容易看到,但有时手镯里的石纹、色线也容易被看成裂,购买者需要在实践中比较区分,在选购的时候也容易判断错误。而种越好的翡翠,内部越清楚,绺裂等现象也越明显。因此,手镯的裂在选购时虽然需要重视,但不要过于强调。断绺是手镯当中最忌讳的问题。断绺问题严重的手镯,敲击的声音也不清脆。而且在佩戴过程中,容易有断掉的现象。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmyg8cmqikoIO8NKXQwBl1d"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":542,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的瑕疵类型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/d44fb0779af24ab2b2e7ee60e8dfe6d6","width":760},"text":"","id":"doxcnSAuWc0KeM4MWgRGuDgBMoh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWEuyk846cy6IABzVKdFuJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种是对翡翠的综合性概括或划分,描述了翡翠内部矿物颗粒大小以及矿物颗粒之间结合的紧密程度的关系,也可以说是指翡翠的内部结构和构造。它综合翡翠质地、水头和颜色,是评价翡翠品质的重要标志。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ4mysAoMQ6AOSkTzrsiR0w"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":313,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cf1259e5efd54105bb1f2e0eb7f61f09","width":1122},"text":"","id":"doxcnaO6wESskI20Uu2OkQnUTac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种根据侧重点不同,有的强调颜色,有的强调质地。在翡翠圈里,有“外行看色,内行看种,高档货重在看种”。衡量一块翡翠的价值最重要的是“一种、二色、三工艺”。种差一分,价差十倍。翡翠的种主要有:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqmQoQCeKSG0qELjwsrii7b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、玻璃种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8awCYoyWMM6k5Xi8jNyBc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"玻璃种是指像玻璃一样透明的翡翠,结构细腻致密,纯净透明,杂质少。有白玻璃种和带色玻璃种,如老坑玻璃种的颜色均匀,是翡翠中的极品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOmOISSMWakEC6nQ7CtZBbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"白玻璃种有时真像玻璃,通透度极好,荧光足。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWoQsEqQga8GaMn9e2kZeVe"},{"type":"imageList","children":[{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":513,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2ecbb7af72e3475b96e8b8138544850f","width":1166},"text":"","id":"doxcnu2gssGscei4Iq2j5JiOvaf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":454,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/33c87251a9ed4985a0539e051ca62018","width":1184},"text":"","id":"doxcn22Ko4OmeQEk8MnbqJdfJEc"}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyacAsYiUoMksyi6R3NO4Ae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、冰种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyacAsYiUoMksyi6R3NO4Ae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"可见内部交织纤维结构,微晶部分肉眼不可分辨,透明度好,棉质与结构清晰分明,细腻均匀,犹如冰块。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKeaaGoACK8EacrsBvF6Pxc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":451,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0cf7a5ddc2ea46bcaa79c3015084b056","width":1173},"text":"","id":"doxcnK8YemaCIq4GWgPLBPDmNVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、芙蓉种","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsM4KuOa6yeQ4wp1mbD57wb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"呈清淡绿色,玉质细腻均匀,水头好,有时呈淡淡的粉色,属中高档品种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQemYKa000uY0cH2EXJrlIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":509,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的种","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj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一律。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW4ySU62SCQo8QPoQUuaNae"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然染色翡翠多是单一色,但并不是说多色者就不会是染的,尤其手镯更有可能被染成绿色、紫色及红色的三色手镯即所谓的福、禄、寿镯。用强力褪字灵擦洗,表面颜色能够去掉或变为褐色。外观颜色暗、沉闷且偏蓝,因是由蓝色素污着染色。颜色仅存在表层,看起来浮浮的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw8EaMmAskgMOy45p0Oiu71"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"D货","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn82AwK4KAsoQQCiVCNTS0Je"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"D货严格来说不是翡翠,它是由类似于翡翠的其他石料或人工合成似翡翠的玻璃料制成。常见的类似翡翠石料有八三玉,是产于缅甸北部的长石和硬玉混生岩石,质地并不好,但经灌胶充填裂隙后,因酷似翡翠的形象而赢得市场,市场上的大量手镯是用八三玉制成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCiCmkumu4OaSIHGuNV7rUh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还有一些挂件也用八三玉制成,它半透明,干净的紫色、淡绿色非常美丽,与中档翡翠手镯的成色极为相似,但价格是中档翡翠的几分之一或几十分之一,这种D货翡翠只有装饰价值,没有收藏价值。八三玉没有浓艳绿色,市场上出现的浓艳色八三玉是人工染色制成的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnee0AGsWocSGUy4UrYygxPc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":504,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"D货","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8bf5d92b8251449682d322d6f398ef62","width":716},"text":"","id":"doxcnW4Kk0AuyIS4QQBgNCLTovb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncayWE8Sqko6UsBtBCROP9g"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":631,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"D货","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dab130bec47b429fab2d939961de43db","width":744},"text":"","id":"doxcnQcQiu6KiWIOeCWM8zAW88b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2IAYgcSUGemaicfdeyxByh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的估价","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns2AKuUWqkAqkQz2A2KihNh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠质量的综合评价","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSGiC2OOE8eUG2jtYBelmeg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"消费者在购买翡翠饰品,尤其是购买贵重的翡翠饰品前,有两大问题必须引起高度重视:第一,辨别真假,防止以假充真,以免吃亏上当。第二,应大体上能观察、衡量出欲购买饰品的质量档次,品级高低,价值如何。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYeWsGcga8mUkI5qOTdD4Qg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"当我们面对一件翡翠饰品时,通常可以从翡翠的颜色(色)、结构与构造(种)、透明度(水)、底(地张)、工艺(工)、完美度和重量大小七个方面,来综合衡量质量优劣及品级高低,从而大致估出其价值范围。这七个指标可称为衡量翡翠饰品价值的七个要素。七个要素的综合即为评估翡翠质量的综合标准。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4aQasm6e8qsKaGJlgUtdac"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、颜色","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcns8eOQkau6KWokFHHMWUcVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简称“色”,是影响翡翠质量分级和商品价值最直观、最重要的因素。评价翡翠颜色的价值有五个要素,即色调、明度、饱和度、色比和色形,前三个要素在色彩学中被称为“颜色三要素”,后两个要素是考虑到翡翠价值评价的复杂必需性而增加的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwMSoI6YKi0ewkhOAaBWu3p"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":478,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠质量的综合评价","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/38020c17c395480eb15ad11b4067531f","width":601},"text":"","id":"doxcnomCm0QkaIwCsgo4ULy8q9r"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)色调:即颜色的种类,是色彩间相互区分的特征。在翡翠饰品中红为翡,绿为翠,紫为“䄝”。以翠贵,“䄝”次之,翡再次之,其他颜色的价值排列于这三类颜色之后。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4MKIE6sqk8KAgn94ZPZRng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)明度:指级色的明亮程度,也称“亮度”。颜色明度高为色阳(色亮),质量佳,颜色明度低为色阴(色暗),质量低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8w80WUau6WcDEIX4qXDO8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)饱和度:指颜色的鲜艳程度,颜色的饱和度高为色浓(色深)、饱和度低为色淡(色浅)。饱和度必须适中,才有良好的视觉感受。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosIKskiomIY2OKKDZ2EO0c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)色比:指在一件翡翠饰品中,有颜色部分的面积(或体积)与总面积(或总体积)的比值。色比值用百分数表示,有色部分越多,色比值越大,价值也越高。如果一件翡翠饰品中有几种颜色,则可估算出每种颜色的色比值,据此结合各相关因素作出评价。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqiumseiMOIIUUNYY8lXHhb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)色形:即颜色在翡翠饰品中的形状,如丝状、条状、波纹状等。在翡翠玉件中,颜色的形状可谓千姿百态、美不胜收。好的底上有好的色调同时具有好的色形,会产生强烈的神秘感和巨大的艺术魅力,使翡翠的价值陡然上升,这种情况在玉雕摆件等饰品中并不少见。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUQGAuY6kyec4ai1xv6k4tc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、结构与构造","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2OyuQs2cOa8U4SMq6LOWPb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"结构与构造在传统的翡翠界简称“种”,种包含了两个既相互独立又相互影响的含义。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0UaOimAAMeU8Os17aBVtwc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)矿物集合体的结构:翡翠晶粒的大小、形态特征和相互关系,以及翡翠矿物的内部解理等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCqYiescAASuS0kwg7ZJvSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)矿物集合体的构造:翡翠晶体的形状,组合方式,疏密程度、微裂隙及石纹等。通常,翡翠的“种“好,则结构均匀细腻,粒度细,其组织构造变化小,抛光后其表面光滑程度佳、整块玉件透明度高,如老坑玻璃种翡翠。反之,翡翠的“种”差,则结构不均匀,粒度粗,其组织构造变化大,表面抛光性差,玉件的透明度降低,如马牙种、豆种翡翠等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyy2GumickiQksVFQ86MgUf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、透明度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8ucE0smIku6EFMHNNmEbeq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"俗称“水”或“水头”。透明度的优劣,反映了一件翡翠饰品是否品莹、清澈、通透和润泽。透明度与翡翠的“种”、“色”及表面抛光程度有关。在“种”和抛光程度相同的情况下,颜色淡,则透明度高;颜色浓,则透明度降低。翡翠的透明度越好,其价值越高。在翡翠商业界,透明度是以阳光或手电简的光线在玉料中能穿透的深度来衡量的,如“二分水”指阳光在玉料中能透入的深度是二分,约为6mm。在实践中,珠宝科技工作者将翡翠的透明度划为透明、亚透明、半透明、微透明和不透明五类,每类都对应着一些典型的翡翠品种。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWGI0CGgEaEwWKSJy2VPKfb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":510,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠质量的综合评价","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f0722d09cd3a437c98f38492b013b4b9","width":636},"text":"","id":"doxcnm4Gw2Ik8gcqMK49dgOMO4d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"4、底","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmI08qeyooYcWI1SciUh8Be"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"俗称“地张”或“底子”。对于未接触过翡翠的人来说,底的概念也比较抽象,对“底”的传统解释是:在翡翠中除色以外的部分,底犹如一张纸,色就如同纸上作的画,色与底协调,方为上品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuyGEE2K2QEE8Ka1hKD2w5b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":567,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠质量的综合评价","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a169beb52d454ff1aec6e0b2a4352dc3","width":695},"text":"","id":"doxcn4WwsSCQIi0OigDVorfLPSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"5、工艺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUkog4OoOMKUa636yN7hgc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"简称“工”,包括翡翠饰品的设计构思、制作与雕刻工艺。显然,具有创意、经典高雅、做工精良的饰品方为上品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnasooY86syuqyiIaZUiCpIb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":447,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠质量的综合评价","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/27d4b171216048f89934630d4327b599","width":638},"text":"","id":"doxcnGyS0CW8QaMuK6b33bU4xcH"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"6、完美度","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYwciiecEEEsuG8yAVz1mhe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"主要指翡翠玉件的纯净程度和完好程度,如无杂质、无瑕疵、无绺裂、无缺陷,不含黑点、石花等。对于有关联要求的饰品,完美度还包括成双、对称、配套的满意程度,如耳钉、耳环就有成双、对称的要求,龙风玉牌就有配套、完整的问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2WQI8c2geyCiO0xPV4rJVb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"7、重量大小","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2mck0oAywicgiEuVITvtJc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于两块在色、种、水、底等方面相同或相近的翡翠,当然是重量大的价值高于重量轻的。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyI8Iy6E20KaWSAUGRiRNyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在以上各项指标中,色、种、水、工四项指标最重要,种、水决定着一块玉件是否有“灵气”,色则常常决定了玉件是否高贵,工则通过饰品所选择的题材、造型及制作水平,反映了设计者的思维和制作者的工艺。选择了某种题材和制作水平的饰品,也就展示了佩戴者在生活中的某种意识、愿望、审美情趣及价值观念等思维活动,因此“工”有着不能忽视的重要地位。只有既具备好的颜色,又具有“灵气”,同时有着好的表现内容和制作水平,才能显出翡翠饰品的高贵、典雅和隽永的内涵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmgy24oi44ok4y65ZHrLQcd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"对于少数特殊的翡翠制品评价,除考虑上述七个要素外,还须考虑其特有的政治、人文背景及历史文物价值等因素。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQCq6k2oSMKQQ2hCiceKq1e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠绿色的分级评估","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnomi4Ww8cgoWE8ZceLHkYqh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠品质的好坏,绿色是重要条件之一,但因绿色十分丰富,变化多端,而且翡翠几乎包括了自然界所有给分级带来了许多困难。但只要利用好色彩学的原理,抓住绿色调,翡翠的分级就会迎刃而解。同时,为了正确地给翡翠估价,在掌握绿色程度的同时,还需要对色力、种份同时掌握。因为翡翠的商业价值主要体现在绿色上,评估时必须对绿色、色力、种份综合考虑。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYoMMeC0uqSGqYDCvP8Azug"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"1、绿的程度分四个等级","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsiOEsIueKg0KmODAv7Q9gd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(1)超高级:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"均匀纯正绿色。绿色纯正、均匀,色与底融为一体,不浓不淡,绿色具有艳、润、亮、丽的特点。因其产量非常稀少,故价值极高。如祖母绿、翠绿、苹果绿、黄秧绿等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYEKcYyIIgosKy6tQTx5uMh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(2)高级:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"根据正绿色的均匀程度,可以再细分为两个档次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUo6cs4YiUGU0UflOpzB5Mg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一档:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"较均匀正绿色。整体绿色深浅适中、均匀,但在整体绿色中,可见少量较浓的绿色条带、斑块、斑点等。总体绿色具有艳、润、亮、丽的特点。其产量比较稀少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGSiwauasYKy4OOU6ccSCSh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":637,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠绿色的分级评估","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/874a035e217e4092aa7341d870710581","width":840},"text":"","id":"doxcng8iuIYIUSGK82jpEhQkDyh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二档:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"不均匀正绿色。绿色不均匀,其内绿色浓淡分布,整体绿色浓淡适中,绿色具有艳、润、亮的特点。其产量比一档绿色的略多。白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布有散点状、条带状、斑块状或斑点状正绿的,评价时可视绿色的多少、大小、厚薄或绿色所占饰品体积百分比来决定升降等级。主要应依据绿色部分能否做标准戒面及其他饰品来作为评价的基本原则。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK0KQUI68Kk22OyAnma34ke"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以上所述两级的高翠,其光谱、波长为530nm~510nm。通过反复观看熟悉后,肉眼也可较准确判断此光谱波长之内的翠绿色彩。若绿色稍浅淡或较浓时,可根据其他评价条件确定等级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnU4sECIQeGOaaagvf4x1bhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(3)中级:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"凡高翠呈色绿中偏蓝者属于这个这个级别,根据偏蓝程度的不同,又可分为两个档次。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ8yGwe2gsO2AKMgaQlYoSc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一档:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"微偏蓝绿色(光谱波长在510nm~490nm之间)。包括浅淡正绿色、浓深正绿色、鲜艳红色、紫罗兰色、艳黄色。这些品种翡翠的颜色均匀,不浓不淡,具有润、亮、丽的特点。如果颜色不均匀,整体微偏蓝绿色、红色、紫罗兰色、艳黄色,可见色调深浅者,可根据等级评价的标准降低其级别。若微偏蓝绿色浅淡或较浓时,同样应降等级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngikCegCKGAYwBsBf3ZUPHN"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布有散点状、条带状、斑块斑点状微偏蓝绿色的,评价时可视微偏蓝绿色的多少、大小、厚薄或微偏蓝绿色所占饰品体积百分比来升降等级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCCm0wq80iOeoKskGecBHNd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若翡翠饰品上含正绿色调在内的四种以上色彩者,尤其是五种色彩的玉十分珍贵,评价时视绿色在四彩、五彩玉石中的多少来升降级别。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0iQuEGGssKMe0pxOLuxlpb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二档:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"蓝绿色(光谱波长在490nm~470nm之间)。包括淡红色、淡黄绿色、淡紫罗兰色、淡黄色、纯透白色、见绿油膏、纯透黑色翡翠等。色调均匀、不浓不淡,具有润、亮的特点。若色调分布不均匀、浓淡明显者,可根据等级评价条件降低其级别。若蓝绿色浅淡或较浓时,同样应降等级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6eoGcwwI4Qc4SqxVd42aih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"若白色或其他颜色的翡翠上,分布散点状、条带状、斑块斑点状蓝绿色的,可视蓝绿色的大小、多少、厚薄或蓝绿色所占饰品体积的百分比来升降等级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4eaSgqw2qIYSmceXkVAHMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"(4)一般级:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"蓝、灰蓝色(光谱波长在470nm以下)。包括暗蓝色、油青等。色调均匀纯净,具有润的特点。这个级别的绿中显黑,绿中夹过多蓝色,绿中显灰。部分油青如属绿辉石玉,不属翡翠定级范畴。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI2Ye4iWmq0eYaUNjIX7Knd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"2、色力分四个等级","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnws0OYYAg0UioqIZkid657e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)高级:摆下看、悬空看都浓艳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWigIu6yG84i2YNpniOOPDe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)中级:摆下看浓艳,悬空看浅淡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggSSkmA4y60c23udwqOW2g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)一般级:摆下看不太浅淡,悬空看浅淡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6Qo8ysoeEuECIJnyY9ttdd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)低级:摆下看浅淡,悬空看更淡。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKAyEkk42cIGGIhJ4nRWeeb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"3、种份分四个等级","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAM2oAaigYU0KeipEZ5ApFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)高级:半透明以上,质地细、硬度高。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngmoySUkSOoAmgPXClYeHCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)中级:半透明质地坚实。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4wSQ6umQum6yMLkvFudQ1G"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)一般级:接近半透明,质地一般,略有夹棉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIe2WKaoqcYOc2zhIxNz8Me"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)低级:微透明,质地差,夹棉多。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnY6wgmmk6i66AJlofbj21k2"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果将翡翠成品分为档次,根据货币数量应分为以10万元为单位的超高档、万元以上的高档、以千元为单位的中档、以百元为单位的一般档、以十元为单位的低档,一共五个档次。虽","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"然市场情况变化很大,但其大体估价相差不大。下面简单罗列粗线条的投档方式:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng6icYiuigQ4e25RqPsRsHe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":503,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠绿色的分级评估","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/21ecbfebb96946e39d0f3e069ddeb93f","width":670},"text":"","id":"doxcnKA6uUg4k4KgIUjpD4eCnnf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(高绿蛋彩光身戒面)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnI6k6gaWeIsm80q5bxkJINh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":716,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠绿色的分级评估","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bd3834e09514442cbb25fbff5ad0fd50","width":582},"text":"","id":"doxcnaMeKCW4uY8OssbKbJvpE0e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(中高级色力的观音玉饰)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaKEiuIMgeycQSgeVA94LAe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)超高档:色的纯正超高级,色力高级,种份高级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuMeMSiYYoOSeqcVfo8jzih"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":554,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠绿色的分级评估","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/16f9aa57ae5349218201776c152ee3f9","width":672},"text":"","id":"doxcnGWiEy08SgAAeqvXvEGd1MK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(红翡绿翠玉镯:超高级)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2kIcQgI8aS8KesyehwEFud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)高档:三个方面都是高级或两个方面高级(含超高级),一方面中级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsWQYs026gsGCqLM0DOWIZl"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)中档:一方面高级,两方面中级,或三个方面中级,或两方面高级,一方面一般。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaCIcMQqKsMqwmaklfAc5zc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(4)一般档:两方面中级,一方面一般,或一方面中级、两方面一般。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSS6KcKm0y48uQSG7HsymXC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(5)低档:一方面中级,两方面一般,或三方面都一般。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuAeuysO2kcmMsjq2sOQM2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"种色均好的玉料不多,制作者多将其用于戒面。种好色次的玉料不少,多是手镯的取材范围。所以选择手镯,只要种好、底洁净,三色、五色、绿丝、绿片、蓝花都算好货色。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEAAIMIcMkKgma7fTnOxe0T"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一个老山玉,皮壳之下到处显绿,应注意其真假,因为这样显绿的老山玉是极其稀少的。一件玉器通体显绿,呈现均匀的地毯式的绿色,也应该注意其真假,因为玉之真色是自然之色,不可能这样均匀刻板、毫无瑕疵,成语“白璧微瑕”就是这个意思。人工补充绿色,玉件似乎有了自然感,但由于化学药品、电压影响,透明度虽好,质地总会有变异。如果是成品","id":""},{"type":"text","text":",","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"从补色面的背面悬空望去,补色部分的绿色有空泛发泡不正之感,与真玉之自然绿色不同。因为真色的范围是逐步扩散的。认准玉石绿色之真,才能否定人工假色之伪。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYwQuKSe64usECSlykt4Dce"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翡翠的收藏与投资","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqsSusOGEc4q46M2PSnHXph"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的步骤","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4auYYUCiqsQskzI745u2Yd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"投资的第一步是学习。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"要学习有关珠宝的知识特别是翡翠知识,从书本中学习,积极参与各种有关翡翠的讲座、研习班、珠宝展览会,学术交流会等各项有关珠宝的活动,多和宝玉石专家、学者、收藏家、业者、消费者等接触,学习培养自身对翡翠玉石的知识,并积累经验,奠定坚实的基础。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnu4QsW2EAyc8iUP4Bi1cSlc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"投资的第二步是收藏。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"翡翠等宝玉石的研究与投资,并非一朝一夕可成。对翡翠玉石的认知不足而急于投入,风险就会很大。最好的方法是在投入翡翠玉石行业前,先当一位快乐的收藏家。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnycQ6qAW8quwcKONWBCCcEh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在收藏时一定要记住以下儿点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCSeC0QmqCKGU1HXeFbLGtF"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①进货成本不宜过高。一般来说从店面实价买货就会成本过高,最好能到珠宝玉石的批发市场或源头进货。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqS8CaCO40mWGk10gvEs4dc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②买精不买多。收藏各类翡翠玉石的精品。宁买高价位的精品货,不买低价位的垃圾货。因为大路货做收藏投资回报率低,而在国际国内市场上,高品质的翡翠玉石涨价最为明显,所以收藏一定要以各种翡翠玉石的精品为主。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAwMKOYyQICEU4LcZNH9MMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"投资的第三步是市场开发。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"尽量多去认识一些人,如宝玉石专家学者、收藏家、业者、消费者等,让你周围的人知道你在研究及收藏翡翠玉石,让他们成为你的朋友,因为这些人极有可能是以后的供货源头或固定客户。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnE4YK2we8EA02u6wHHMpOGh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"投资的第四步是诚信经营。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"当万事俱备,就到了你该上柜台从事营销的时候了。此时的你早已是行家,应当得心应手了。珠宝玉石这一行不同的人所处环境和条件不同、所学程度不同、营运方法不同,但最基本的一条是务必要诚信为本。因为宝玉石经营消费群体相对较小,从业人员较少,一旦欺诈被揭穿就会在业内诚信全无,很难立足,再想投资经营就不易起步翻身。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEYOEOK44oQmIcZTGk04Voc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的步骤很多,但以上四步是最基本的功底,需要各类玩家努力打牢基础。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA0mS4oEeewKwy6XwJ8IaMe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的类型","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqk4osQye6QeAYTv8wuNlkc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"许多玩家初入门时,往往面对翡翠缤纷杂乱的交易市场显得无从下手,茫然失措。其实,揭开这个行当神秘的面纱,由简到繁,从小到大,由低到高,先成品后原石,应该是无数人走过的成功之路,值得初入门者借鉴。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncgeQcIwICUE8AhT6B8ApYe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、首饰类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkAugkYIkESE68z9mu1IMVe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首饰类翡翠爱好者众多,初入门者可作为收藏投资的首选。因为首饰类玉器易于保藏,容易出手,回报率高,同时件小质优,没有赌性,风险最小,初具翡翠鉴赏常识和经验的人即可涉猎,又因为价格灵活,投资者可在数千元、数万元、数十万元至上百万元之间,根据自己经济实力自主选择,适合各种类型的投资者入门。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6KqoYGiaGkAIutB5cINtgb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首饰类包括翡翠戒指、手镯、耳环、项链、胸花、各种挂件与花件。1985年有人在云南德宏州买一对高档翠绿翡翠手镯,大约要0.6万元~0.8万元;而在1995年香港拍卖会上同品质的手镯,最后成交价高达1200万港币。1997年11月,一条由28粒优质翠绿翡翠串成的珠链,在香港的拍卖价为7262万港币。据说这条精美翠链的原主人数年前购入时仅花数百万元。由此可见,投资高档翡翠首饰确实存在巨大的升值空间。但因投资失误导致血本无归的事例也不少。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncSc4eiAGsUAgkDSwh31Lzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、雕件类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc0QsaiwOuCQauyZiBV89Xc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏投资此类翡翠雕件,同样具有风险性。雕件类翡翠有单色和多色(俏色、巧色)两大类,因玉料件大(与首饰类相比)、设计巧妙、做工精细、造型灵巧、寓意吉祥而广受欢迎,成为投资收藏者青睐的重点。但精美的雕件类翡翠相对投入较大,周转时间也长一些。收藏投资者不光要有独到的眼光,更要具备耐心和毅力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuY6IECgk4EimAxtMY37gtf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":691,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的类型","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e836a721492043bdba4c9242f1eaf25d","width":840},"text":"","id":"doxcniq2yQ6CuqYMAEPi4yckx4b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、原石类","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUqGIi08o4g4Mh6u4aiKKh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"选购翡翠原石又称“赌石”,这是一项充满神奇和刺激的商贸交易活动。它是收藏投资者具备丰富的知识、经验、人脉、资金、勇气之后,才能涉猎的高级投资行为。它所以称为“赌石”,是因为有赌的成分在内。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncUSYSOGOsYoSEd65ydxRGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一块貌不惊人的翡翠原石往往要投入数十万或数百万元才能购得,这块“赌石”如果是优质满绿,购买者可能会一夜之间变成腰缠万贯的富翁;如果是一块劣质翡翠,眨眼间就会变成穷困潦倒的贫汉。因此,投资翡翠原石必须要有丰富的实践经验、深厚的宝玉石鉴赏知识和雄厚的经济实力。但是,有些人往往被暴富的光环所迷惑,他们靠东借西贷去“赌石”,其结果是胜者极少,败者如群蛾扑灯,蹈火者众,留下无数沉痛的教训。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng40uUYEoykMeUJrFbQkuoc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"总之,投资翡翠时要谨慎理性,循序渐进。投资之前一定要博采众议,剑胆琴心,三思而后行,决不能有一下子抱个金娃娃的非分之想。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyEaC62uWueY2UlMSH3l5cg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的注意事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsY0QAA2GS0oE8LXjQDkoed"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"一、购买翡翠应具备的常识","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKwcKm88EqQo4WAFPP1G86e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第一,不要轻信售玉人的花言巧语。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"有些玉商为了掩饰其文化水平低下或基础知识匮乏,往往摆出一副内行的架势,比如对翡翠成因、产地、性质、个别染色皮的判别等侃侃而谈。由于一些玉器知识、指标目前国际上尚无成熟的标准,他们敢在顾客面前说教,首先能占领心理优势,然后以“不挣钱”为诱饵,从而实现其获取高额利润的目的。顾客要有自信心,不要被玉商唬住。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UKqsO8uEIMGoHJvgCTq7c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第二,不要购买没有经过鉴定的翡翠。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"各地质检部门强制标准明文规定,所有作为商品销售的翡翠饰品,均需配有法定鉴定机构出具的鉴定证书或小牌等检测标识。在检测机构受理的被骗案例中,90%以上都没有相应的鉴定材料。因此购买翡翠时,要看一看该翡翠是否经过法定检测机构鉴定,是否出具了相应的鉴定证书或小牌,不要听信忽悠,以免上当受骗。或者可在购买翡翠之前与玉店老板协商,征得同意后,先将翡翠饰品送到法定检测机构鉴定,尔后再做交易。购买翡翠时,如果对翡翠饰品鉴定证书有不清楚之处,可拨打证书下方电话咨询,以确定真伪。但一些地方的个别检测机构不负责任,玉商出钱就出证书。所以除信鉴定证书外,还要到正规商家处买货,以加大保险系数。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniyGS2Qe2yiQ0I7pzkbk7yg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":704,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的注意事项","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ead498ced88b416ca1ff28b383fcd4f6","width":569},"text":"","id":"doxcnCCcmc4SQacmmcP0D1bt6be"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第三,购买翡翠时向老板索要正规发票。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"如无发票,可索要售玉人收款的收据,注意请其加盖印章或老板签名。这样如有争议,可以作为“讨回公道”的有利证据。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEUqQsAA40cuuiSyNf3iwHe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第四,要买的翡翠一定要事先看仔细。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"看不清楚可拿到店门外的阳光下反复看,或用10倍放大镜仔细看。玉器的一些毛病、不足常会被商人用各种方法加以掩饰。这些毛病(如残缺、修复、黏合、绺裂等)在店内的白炽灯、日光灯下不一定能看清楚。粗心大意,交了钱才发现就会出现麻烦,甚至要吃大亏,那就后悔莫及。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8SWOGG88gcq8IkLbK2LicQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第五,尽量少在旅游景点或流动摊点上购买翡翠。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"在旅游景点或流动摊点上购买玉器,一是容易买假货,而且不易挽回损失,二是要多花不少冤枉钱。一些旅游景点上的商店给导游回扣,这部分钱当然是羊毛出在羊身上。据说一些旅游商店和旅行社的导游联手,事先掌握来团的籍贯,商店老板就会冒充同乡忽悠游客,使人沉醉于乡情而不知不觉上当。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnW2wkw6aycIIQURb58PV5dc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"二、购买翡翠应具备的技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOcesII6w8soOgvORb5L5pb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一般玉器交易,既无明码标价,又无统一价格。多数玉商对内行人客气,对外行人则漫天要价。不知就里者常多掏冤枉钱,或掏大钱买假货。因此,从事玉器交易,必须掌握一些基本技巧。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6IQ2M2GI6uw2e0ymS1KS9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第一,看中某件东西不要急于买下,要沉得住气。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"可以随意先问其他货品的价位,使卖家误认为你对要买的货无兴趣。然后突然顺口问到相中货的货价,使玉商猝不及防,仓促间报出较实的价位。顾客就能以实价买到理想的玉件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOiAmCgGqcUuMoJNadP3wGb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第二,看到好的东西要稳住情绪,不动声色。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"喜欢的东西一定不能当面说喜欢,应该反复查看玉器,尽量装作找毛病(不足)。甚至要挑出毛病(不足),把它贬低一通,否则价钱难以压下去。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK2aSqeWECoyMOISERXGMeb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第三,学会讨价还价,设法把价钱压到最低。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"玉器店、旅游区、地摊上的报价都有较大甚至很大的水分,若还价高了就很被动。有人戏称“对半带拐弯”还价,即卖家报1000元,还到400元~500元成交,即比较理想。但有些地方的玉商喊价可以高出成交价五倍、十倍甚至更高。所以还价必须事先了解行情,讲究技巧,不能机械套用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcna2iwwK8euAycoxUXrONNbf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"第四,不要不懂装懂,乱吹一气,也不要盲目问些幼稚的话。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"这样商家一听即知道是外行,很容易把买玉人当做“菜牛”宰客。有时真不懂,反而不说或少说更好。要入翡翠这一行,应勤学好问,多看少买,了解掌握一些翡翠的基本常识。这样在寻玉、鉴玉的过程中,不知不觉中流露出自己并非很外行,商家便不敢胡乱吹嘘、漫天要价了。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA8cu0cyMqciCecCEx9cPah"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":674,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"收藏、投资翡翠的注意事项","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce47416c9b4441049bc02bbb0fdd224b","width":673},"text":"","id":"doxcnkgWSw8CUiKISq6fXhcC8Ce"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"三、购买翡翠应注意的事项","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn80yWIWUySuUgAjEeqMMSTe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第一,不要一味参照书本上或文物店的玉器图形,与自己在市场上见到的玉器对号入座,难免错将仿品当真品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEw2I0ikMmKa48HJZxin6qe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第二,不要买东西认贱不认贵。不知在玉器收藏中精品最具收藏价值和升值潜力,以致买回一大堆玉器垃圾而浑然不知,还陶然自乐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAo8ogeCUeOue6mbjE66tSg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第三,不要稍通一点玉器知识即自以为是,趾高气扬地到玉器地摊、市场去捡漏子。狡猾的玉商最欢迎这种人,常常顺其口风溜须拍马,使收藏者掏了高价,买了假货和劣品还自以为是。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniUSYkusMaqU0iQhunvmhrh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第四,不要盲目相信玉品上的款识和铭文,而不知在玉器、古玩、字画上落假款乃是作伪者最常用的伎俩。常见到有人在亲朋好友面前炫耀某大师的作品。殊不知一个玉石雕刻大师一年四季不休息,能亲手做出几件精品?这些玉器多为大师的徒弟或徒孙们的手艺,甚至根本就是高仿冒充大师的作品。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGekcC2gqasSUoT7Vpp0lde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第五,不要片面理解拍卖图录,不知图录上的标价有伸缩性,玉器美观程度与实物也有差异。图录上的玉器多经过摄影师或后期制作美润,使其更加漂亮。按图索骥到市场找玉器,对照标价掏钱买玉器,其结果可想而知。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYOSWYsmCCQCOLkTQIvBtAV"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"第六,不要错以为农民家藏的旧玉都绝对可靠,而不知道有些貌似忠厚的农民实则以贩假为生,拿有瑕疵的翡翠玉料染色作皮冒充原石A货,甚至冒充明、清、民国的旧玉以售其奸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSyAIMgMwKQaMYPIxsrgyxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"以上这些,可以给收藏、投资翡翠者提供借鉴,吸取他人的教训,少走或不走弯路。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmmAQgoYgU08yqUzHyA9nUh"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E