1. rf47减速机
问题一:休眠死机 解决方法:首先确定一下电视软件版本,是不是已经升级到最新版本,如果是,再用遥控器长按”电源键“关机,然后等灯灭了以后,再按电源键开机,如果开不了,只能再把电源拔掉重新上电才能开机。 问题二:屏或背光板问题 解决方法:把电视断电重新上电,然后开机,等待40秒,左右按遥控器,看能不能听到声音,如果有声音,这时候拿个手电筒贴住屏照射,可以看到部分的显示内容,说明是屏或者背光的问题,请联系客服换货。
2. rf137减速机
LORA SX1212是一款低功耗的LoRa RF芯片,专为物联网应用而设计,可提供极低的功耗,帮助客户节省成本,同时支持高达20km的传输距离。它支持多达8个通道,支持从 137MHz至 1020MHz 的频率范围,可提供高达+17dBm的发射功率。
3. rf17减速机
电机转速除以减速机输出转速就是减速机的速比。单级减速机速比有9、11、17、23、29、35、49、59、87等。
以速比11为例:四级电机转速为1440r/min,减速机输出转速为130r/min,1440/130=11,11为减速机的速比。反之1440/11=130 就是减速机的输出转速。
4. rf147减速机
拥有消防设施操作员证可以从事商场、智能楼宇等人员集中或重要的工作场所的消防系统终端监控岗位,从事消防安全管理等。消防设施操作员证可以证明持有者有从事有关消防岗位工作的资格。
操作员证区别
2019年确定了“消防设施监控操作”和“消防设施检测维修保养”两个职业方向(在职业资格证书上标明),前者可从事消防设施的监控、操作、日常保养和技术管理与培训等工作,从低到高分为初级(五级)到技师(二级)4个职业等级;后者可从事消防设施的操作、保养、维修、检测和技术管理与培训等工作,从低到高分为中级(四级)到高级技师(一级)4个职业等级。
2020开始实行考试改革后,证书不再通用,一个证书不再适用于同时从事监控、维修、检测等工作,也就是如果从事监控与检测,就要考取两个证书。如下图比较,图一是2021年发放(改革之后的),图二是2018年发放(改革之前的)。
但是《标准》实施后,依据原《建(构)筑物消防员》职业技能标准考核取得的国家职业资格证书依然有效,与同等级相应职业方向的《消防设施操作员》证书通用。
图一
图二
报名流程
个人报名
报名可以登录全国消防行业职业技能鉴定一体化业务系统网站进行报名,并实时关注网站提示完成报名及预选流程,报名成功的考生登录报名网站自行下载打印准考证。具体的报名操作操作如下:
1.打开浏览器,在网页中进入全国消防行业职业技能鉴定一体化业务系统网站(网址:https://xfhyjd.119.gov.cn/#/index/),在页面中找到考试报名。
2.页面转跳后,在报名条件、大纲教材以及常见问题中可以查看考试的具体事项,了解完考试内容后点击考试服务的在线报名进行报名,其中需要进行个人账号登录。登陆后根据报名提示进行考试报名即可。
机构报名
在机构报名入学后,考生需要经过专业的课程培训,培训主要是理论以及实战,课程学习结束后,向培训机构提供考试需要的个人证件,完成考试报名。
注意事项:选择辅导机构要注意,该考试可以通过网络远程上课学习,辅导机构获得个人证件信息后,可以帮自己报名,但是对于承诺可以在网络上直接参与考试或者不用报名,到场即可参与考试的机构,就要注意是否是假机构,因为该考试必须提前报名,不能通过网络,必须到现场参与考试。
考试流程
考试说明
消防设施操操作员总共分为五级,两个方向。分别为:初级消防设施操作员(国家职业资格五级)、中级消防设施操作员(国家职业资格四级)、高级消防设施操作员(国家职业资格三级)、消防设施操作技师(国家职业资格二级)、消防设施操作高级技师(国家职业资格一级)。
二级/技师和一级/高级技师目前还未开考。
除初级外,四级,三级,二级,一级分两个方向:消防设施监控操作方向、消防设施检测维修保养方向。这两个方向互相独立,不共用,报名时必须先选择方向,方向不同,获得的资格证书不同,后期的就业方向不同,监控操作方向一般从事消防控制室值班工作和单位日常消防检查工作。检测维修保养方向一般就业于消防消防技术服务机构从事设施检测工作。
报考时间
2022年9月7日起消防行业职业技能鉴定指导中心发文通知:鉴定计划周期由按季度组织调整为每月组织鉴定考核,即每月开展一次考务编排、鉴定考核和制证发证工作。考生补考等待周期将缩短为一个月,每月15日至17日为补考报名时间,每月下旬集中进行缴费、预选考核时间、打印准考证等,具体时间节点请考生及时登录官网,在【个人中心】查看报名审核状态,次月组织鉴定考核。
考试时间
所有考生的考试时间均以准考证为准,在收到准考证生成的短信后及时查询并打印,并按时参加鉴定,考生参加每场鉴定(理论/实操)均需至少提前30分钟到达指定地点侯考,考试迟到半小时及以上将取消考试资格。(2022年截止到11月未进行高级考试报名,后续是否进行高级证书报名要以官方每期发布的公告为准,官方链接https://xfhyjd.119.gov.cn/#/ksjh)。
初级考试时间
以重庆当地考试时间为例:
上午:09:00—10:30理论机考
10:50—12:00线上实操考核
下午:14:00—15:30理论机考
15:50—17:00线上实操考核
中级考试时间
以重庆当地考试时间为例:
理论:上午9:30—11:00(上午8:30候考)
下午14:00—15:30
实操:上午9:00—11:30
下午14:00—17:30
注意1:参加两科鉴定的,理论和实操均在一天内进行。
注意2:受疫情影响未参加鉴定,按要求提交延期考试申请的考生,将自动迁移至本批次进行考试,无需再报名,待缴费截止后请按照短信提示选择理论考试时间,技能考试也在当天进行,单科补考的选择补考科目考试时间即可。
疫情防控要求
以重庆地区政策为例:
为做好常态化疫情防控下的职业技能鉴定工作,各位考生务必佩戴口罩,携带身份证、准考证,出示本人健康码(绿码且无其他异常情况)、行程码(绿码且无其他异常情况)、本次需提供由重庆地区出具的48小时内核酸检测(阴性)证明,经测温、消杀后,由鉴定站工作人员引导考生进行信息登记及身份核验后进入待考区等候。考评期间,考生必须全程佩戴口罩,保持1米以上的距离,避免身体接触和不必要的沟通交流,未经允许不得进入任何与鉴定考核无关的其它区域。考生进入各考评区域前用酒精洗手液进行消毒。考评结束后及时离场,不得逗留。
有以下情形之一的考生不能参加鉴定:
1.健康码、行程码非绿码或有其他异常情况、无重庆地区出具的48小时内核酸检测(阴性)证明,重庆域外省市人员所在辖区内有疫情的(除确定在考前能完成并落实隔离要求的);
2.正处于隔离治疗期的确诊病例、无症状感染者,以及隔离期未满的密切接触者、密切接触者的密切接触者;
3.鉴定前21天内有国外和港台旅居史;
4.鉴定前14天内有国内高风险区域旅居史;
5.鉴定前14天内有国内中风险区域旅居史,且未持当地指挥部批准证明和重庆地区出具的48小时内有效核酸检测阴性证明的考生。
因疫情防控形势复杂,请外省来渝考生实时关注我市最新防疫要求,避免因疫情影响无法参考。
考试科目
消防设施操作员考试根据培训等级不同,考试侧重点也不同,其考试科目为:
理论知识。包括消防工作概述、电气消防基础知识、消防水力学基础知识、相关法律法规、职业道德等基本内容。
技能操作。包括消防控制室监控、建筑消防设施操作与维护等实际操作内容。
题型和分值
考试分为理论知识考试和技能操作考核。
先考理论,通过之后预约实操。其中理论知识考试采用全国统一闭卷考试方式实施,时间100分钟,考卷由中国消防行业职业技能鉴定指导中心统一命题。技能操作考核主要采用现场操作、模拟操作等方式。
考试方向
考试内容根据不同方向分为监控操作和消防设施检测维修保养,考试题目不一样。
如果是初级,只有监控操作方向;
如果是中级可以选监控和检测方向,对于检测方向的考生,需要学习设施维修和设施检测模块的内容,如果是监控操作方向,考试不涉及设施维修和设施检测内容。
分值
鉴定分为理论知识考试和技能操作考核,均为百分制,分别满60分为合格,分别满80分为良好,分别满90分为优秀。
证书领取
领取地址一般为各地的消防鉴定站或各地人力资源和社会保障局。证书领取可以分为现场领取和邮寄两种方式,具体证书领取方式由鉴定站另行通知相关联系人。
考生通过考试后预计7个月至一年左右可以领证,在这个证书下来前的空档期,可以去当地鉴定站开成绩合格证明,抵挡这个证书的空档期。
初级报考条件
初级消防设施操作员报考条件,具备以下条件之一即可:
1、累计从事本职业或相关职业工作1年(含)以上。
2、本职业或相关职业学徒期满。
报考材料
各地的报名材料根据单机的鉴定站要求准备,下面是以广东省消防救援总队消防行业职业技能鉴定站发文为例:
一、身份证复印件:将身份证正面和反面复印在同一页A4纸上,要求复印件上的照片清楚、字迹清晰(注:若身份证过期或遗失可用临时身份证前来报名,并提供临时身份证原件现场审核);
二、毕业证复印件:高中及同等学力以上的学历证书清晰彩照/扫描件。大学专科及同等以上学历请同时提供学信网认证结果截图,大专以下学历若存在学历遗失的,请提供所在学校开具的学历证明(学历证明应盖有公章有效,复印件无效);大专以下学历若存在学历遗失的,请提供所在学校开具的学历证明或户口簿相应页面(学历证明盖有公章有效,复印件无效)。
三、符合“累计从事本职业或相关职业工作1年(含)以上”或“本职业或相关职业学徒期满”的考生,需提供以下材料:从事本职业或相关职业工作一年(含)以上(或学徒期满)证明,所在单位(企、事业单位、社会团体组织)人力部门开具证明或提供劳动合同,驻本市/省部队人员应提供本人证件复印件及团(含)以上单位政治部门在职证明(盖章有效,复印件无效)。
四、鉴定考试承诺书:各地消防行业职业技能鉴定站有权对报考人员的各项申报条件进行抽查,如若发现考生申报条件与报考等级不符的情况,将按相关规定严肃处理。
中级报考条件
1.取得本职业或相关职业五级/初级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上。
2.累计从事本职业或相关职业工作6年(含)以上。
3.取得技工学校本专业或相关专业毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得经评估论证、以中级技能为培养目标的中等及以上职业学校本专业或相关专业毕业证书(含尚未取得的毕业证书的在校应届毕业生)。
报考材料
各地的报名材料根据单机的鉴定站要求准备,下面是以广东省消防救援总队消防行业职业技能鉴定站发文为例:
一、身份证复印件:将身份证正面和反面复印在同一页A4纸上,要求复印件上的照片清楚、字迹清晰(注:若身份证过期或遗失可用临时身份证前来报名,并提供临时身份证原件现场审核);
二、毕业证复印件:高中及同等学力以上的学历证书清晰彩照/扫描件。大学专科及同等以上学历请同时提供学信网认证结果截图,大专以下学历若存在学历遗失的,请提供所在学校开具的学历证明(学历证明应盖有公章有效,复印件无效);大专以下学历若存在学历遗失的,请提供所在学校开具的学历证明或户口簿相应页面(学历证明盖有公章有效,复印件无效)。
三、工作证明(符合其一即可):1.符合“取得本职业或相关职业五级/初级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上”的考生。提供本职业或相关职业五级/初级职业资格证书(技能等级证书),同时提供累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上证明。由所在单位(企、事业单位、社会团体组织)人力部门开具证明或提供劳动合同,驻本市/省部队人员应提供本人证件复印件及团(含)以上单位政治部门在职证明(盖章有效,复印件无效)。
2.符合“累计从事本职业或相关职业工作6年(含)以上”的考生。提供累计从事本职业或相关职业工作6年(含)以上证明。由所在单位(企、事业单位、社会团体组织)人力部门开具证明或提供劳动合同,驻本市/省部队人员应提供本人证件复印件及团(含)以上单位政治部门在职证明(盖章有效,复印件无效)。
3.符合“取得技工学校本专业或相关专业毕业证书,或取得经评估论证、以中级技能为培养目标的中等及以上职业学校专业或相关专业毕业证书”的考生。提供毕业证书清晰彩照/扫描件;若为尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生,应由所在学校教务部门提供在校应届毕业生相关证明(盖章有效,复印件无效)。
四、鉴定考试承诺书:各地消防行业职业技能鉴定站有权对报考人员的各项申报条件进行抽查,如若发现考生申报条件与报考等级不符的情况,将按相关规定严肃处理。
注意:消防设施监控操作和消防设施检测维修保养报考条件和报考材料一致,区别在考试内容和证书上的职业方向。
高级报考条件
1.取得本职业或相关职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作5年(含)以上。
2.取得本职业或相关职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),并具有高级技工学校、技师学院毕业证书(含尚未取得的毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得本职业或相关职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),并具有经评估论证、以高级技能为培训目标的高等职业学校本专业或相关专业毕业证书(含尚未取得的毕业证书的在校应届毕业生)。
3.具有大专及以上本专业或相关专业毕业证书,并取得本职业或相关职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作2年(含)以上。
截止到2022年11月各地均未进行高级考试报名,后续如果高级证书可以报名需要以官方每期发布的公告准备材料。
理论题
在培训机构报名成功后,开始前期的网络课程学习部分和在线做题库练习以及模拟考试。
为了配合《标准》的实施,中国消防协会组织有关专家编写了这套消防行业特有工种职业培训与技能鉴定统编教材,由中国劳动社会保障出版社出版发行。本套教材对标《标准》,按照消防设施操作员参加职业资格培训和技能鉴定的需求设定内容,并根据《标准》中划定的不同等级职业技能要求,将教材分成:
《消防设施操作员(基础知识)》
《消防设施操作员(初级)》
《消防设施操作员(中级)》
《消防设施操作员(高级)》
《消防设施操作员(技师高级技师)》
app推荐
聚题库APP中有全新模拟试题,包括历年中级、基础、高级消防设施操作员课程。题库中的试题是完全模拟真实考试。同时学员可以利用题库进行消防设施操作员考试相关的综合练习、强化练习、模拟考试,巩固专业关键知识点,提高备考效率,大大提高考试通过率。
备考
备考第一阶段:以学习理论知识为主,可以观看精讲课程,课程内容以理解为主,把握重要考点。
备考第二阶段:强化重点知识,通过做题了解考点以及考查形式,结合强化冲刺视频,学完 一章做一章节的题目,做错的题需要返回课本中找到出处,强化做错的知识点,题一般重复做 3-5 次,直至完全掌握为止。
备考第三阶段:需要考生将书本和消防设施操作员规范相结合进行学习,强化重点和难点,考生需要自己绘制思维导图,构建相关知识的结构体系,背诵需要记忆的表格数据,理解消防设施操作员考试的重点和难点。在建立好框架的同时一定要通过做题对知识进行加强和巩固,建议在做题练习的同时一定要做好错题的归纳和总结。
备考第四阶段:大量做题强化阶段。考前10天开始第三阶段学习,学习以刷题为主,可做模拟试卷,可以自己计时模拟考试,全部做完题目之后再去看答案。刷题过程中注意总结做题技巧,考前1周回归到教材,查漏补缺。
还有小伙伴们在决定报名后,可以在浏览器上观看这个老师的视频,她在视频中已经把考试内容和等级划分已经帮大家很好的梳理清楚了。链接如下:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1VY4y1s711/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click&vd_source=5d64dd8ffce01670b3c7c8c70257178b
实操题
在消防设施操作员职业培训机构时,老师们会安排考生进行实际操作,其中包括控制室考试、水系统考试、电气设备考试。
控制室考试
1.火灾报警控制器工作状态判断:在考试时考生需等待模拟信号出现后再做出判断。
2.消防联动控制器及多线制控制盘控制状态切换:在考试时考生根据题目要求只需操作钥匙切换控制状态即可。
3.总线盘上启动设备并判断指示灯的意义:考试时考生在总线盘上启动设备后,需根据现场实际信号对启动状态做出判断。
4.消防应急广播录制并播放:在考试时考生需录制成功或录制后播放完整的音频文件。
水系统考试
1.识别双电源控制柜工作状态:考生需根据模拟信号,现场对双电源控制柜工作状态做出判断。
2.现场测试湿式系统末端试水装置:在考试时考生需要在末端试水装置开启后,按题目要求停止喷淋泵,考生需根据语音提示及指示灯停止喷淋泵。
电气设备考试
现场操作排烟系统手动执行机构联动启动排烟风机:考生能准确找到排烟口手动执行机构,大多数操作远程执行机构,需根据题目要求设置控制状态后找到并操作排烟口手动执行机构。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"拥有消防设施操作员证可以从事商场、智能楼宇等人员集中或重要的工作场所的消防系统终端监控岗位,从事消防安全管理等。消防设施操作员证可以证明持有者有从事有关消防岗位工作的资格。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMeCdsi8UoKyEqxm0dPcmNT1nib"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"操作员证区别","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y84udYuuqoWUaMxOoqDcJdZ0nuC"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2019年确定了“消防设施监控操作”和“消防设施检测维修保养”两个职业方向(在职业资格证书上标明),前者可从事消防设施的监控、操作、日常保养和技术管理与培训等工作,从低到高分为初级(五级)到技师(二级)4个职业等级;后者可从事消防设施的操作、保养、维修、检测和技术管理与培训等工作,从低到高分为中级(四级)到高级技师(一级)4个职业等级。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Oy0MdicmcoIGgSxl2M6c1LQDnI6"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2020开始实行考试改革后,证书不再通用,一个证书不再适用于同时从事监控、维修、检测等工作,也就是如果从事监控与检测,就要考取两个证书。如下图比较,","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"图一是2021年发放(改革之后的),","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"图二是2018年发放(改革之前的)","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"FamIdWIM8owOyexcF72c6BTGnUc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"但是《标准》实施后,依据原《建(构)筑物消防员》职业技能标准考核取得的国家职业资格证书依然有效,与同等级相应职业方向的《消防设施操作员》证书通用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OSegdge6YouK6Ix2VKRcsM8wnih"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":627,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"操作员证区别","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/66d1a472cbea4ecc90982af6d0969a6c","width":905},"text":"","id":"XOU2dW0mwoAO4axofLNcWnKInYf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"图一","id":""}],"text":"","id":"F0IMd8yGOoOOw6x2vZtcsLXrn5e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":692,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"操作员证区别","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3079031b32ff494e9ad248f4d1d0f0de","width":978},"text":"","id":"WI88dKOk4o6CMExuO7MclQwHnOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"图二","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VmAudy8Uooiy2wxEXXDczqEbnne"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XuCEdCuesoiUG0xAV5ecO5rpnAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"个人报名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HqkidImuUoi2eexIh2xcbUy2nIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"报名可以登录全国消防行业职业技能鉴定一体化业务系统网站进行报名,并实时关注网站提示完成报名及预选流程,报名成功的考生登录报名网站自行下载打印准考证。具体的报名操作操作如下:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q4yedMeGioUaiAxk1IRcqHLzn9e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.打开浏览器,在网页中进入全国消防行业职业技能鉴定一体化业务系统网站(网址:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://xfhyjd.119.gov.cn/#/index/"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://xfhyjd.119.gov.cn/#/index/","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"),在页面中找到考试报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gw8yduI8EoEYmgxclX0cVxiNn7f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":900,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"个人报名","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb9dc80369c549219b945308060a7f56","width":1201},"text":"","id":"BoYedSaUAoeyK8xq67hcFn9hnVf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.页面转跳后,在报名条件、大纲教材以及常见问题中可以查看考试的具体事项,了解完考试内容后点击考试服务的在线报名进行报名,其中需要进行个人账号登录。登陆后根据报名提示进行考试报名即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DAIWdQsGYoSioqxU1roc51ztnBc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":891,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"个人报名","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/485bdec2f9d54e4f8eec6476fd4ddd65","width":1201},"text":"","id":"DK8adaQ4ooaoKox6nCzckQaBn2d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"机构报名","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZCagdSs6IoumMAxI3NQcL5xknUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在机构报名入学后,考生需要经过专业的课程培训,培训主要是理论以及实战,课程学习结束后,向培训机构提供考试需要的个人证件,完成考试报名。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BEmwd8CGAosMoixU3ugcQmBYnKg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意事项:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"选择辅导机构要注意,该考试可以通过网络远程上课学习,辅导机构获得个人证件信息后,可以帮自己报名,但是对于承诺可以在网络上直接参与考试或者不用报名,到场即可参与考试的机构,就要注意是否是假机构,因为该考试必须提前报名,不能通过网络,必须到现场参与考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Yic6dmaiGo2Ke8xuiKRc6hEVnbv"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":461,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"机构报名","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7cc16a203bfd40d0925430af7c3dbfdf","width":615},"text":"","id":"HiMQde4KeoOKakx6vSNcwasMnme"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试流程","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PgkUd88UioYMCKx8ENlctncJnJb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试说明","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EmyYdmCiooiY4Sx0mD2cdS3LnMf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"消防设施操操作员总共分为五级,两个方向。分别为:初级消防设施操作员(国家职业资格五级)、中级消防设施操作员(国家职业资格四级)、高级消防设施操作员(国家职业资格三级)、消防设施操作技师(国家职业资格二级)、消防设施操作高级技师(国家职业资格一级)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MmgQdsS82oUEOQxqARecvsPLnZc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二级/技师和一级/高级技师目前还未开考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TaMkd860Ao2EmMx6TuEc7unbnEe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除初级外,四级,三级,二级,一级分两个方向:消防设施监控操作方向、消防设施检测维修保养方向。这两个方向互相独立,不共用,报名时必须先选择方向,方向不同,获得的资格证书不同,后期的就业方向不同,监控操作方向一般从事消防控制室值班工作和单位日常消防检查工作。检测维修保养方向一般就业于消防消防技术服务机构从事设施检测工作。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GAKIdiEGAokYE6x6OnwcBhZ0nDf"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":720,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"考试说明","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0d5327289a174f3b8a44f6124fc59c36","width":959},"text":"","id":"IAm2dW480oO6iyxO0w1c0XajnSc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"报考时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"BMkUdqKWOoASwwxOGugcSVKXnTd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2022年9月7日起消防行业职业技能鉴定指导中心发文通知:鉴定计划周期由按季度组织调整为每月组织鉴定考核,即每月开展一次考务编排、鉴定考核和制证发证工作。考生补考等待周期将缩短为一个月,每月15日至17日为补考报名时间,每月下旬集中进行缴费、预选考核时间、打印准考证等,具体时间节点请考生及时登录官网,在【个人中心】查看报名审核状态,次月组织鉴定考核。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UGA6dAUsioksgaxmwotcCCTVnsf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AMSudamqgoUCqMx6RSScaspDnHa"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所有考生的考试时间均以准考证为准,在收到准考证生成的短信后及时查询并打印,并按时参加鉴定,考生参加每场鉴定(理论/实操)均需至少提前30分钟到达指定地点侯考,考试迟到半小时及以上将取消考试资格。(","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"2022年截止到11月未进行高级考试报名,后续是否进行高级证书报名要以官方每期发布的公告为准,官方链接","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://xfhyjd.119.gov.cn/#/ksjh"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://xfhyjd.119.gov.cn/#/ksjh","id":""}],"text":"","id":""},{"type":"text","text":")。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SciSdWAScoaSQUx8RilcuyYsn4f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"初级考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"B0ecdWy4ao86ESxo3c2csGWUnud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"以重庆当地考试时间为例:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HKAkde2eCoeCscxaOeScc9DSnHd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"上午","id":""},{"type":"text","text":":09:00—10:30理论机考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NWksdWYOGogWgoxorducJlQSn1c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 10:50—12:00线上实操考核","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IewEd8G4aoeyKMxYreOcngpdnkf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"下午:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"14:00—15:30理论机考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CyWAdsmqQoGeiaxETzrcCNnonwe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":" 15:50—17:00线上实操考核","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CagYdO4kCoiY4YxycJicUMlFnAg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级考试时间","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZYE0dwQwEoi6SGxk1q4cRC4rnld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"以重庆当地考试时间为例:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EOi6ds26ioMQYixsDwmczviDnZf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"理论:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"上午9:30—11:00(上午8:30候考)","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AqOMdq0k0o2yMexgTB9cPm3gnZg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下午14:00—15:30","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VqOcd4eugoeiWGxUzHecrZnanFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"实操:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"上午9:00—11:30","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JemadmgcwogykoxE51jcfxRAnjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"下午14:00—17:30","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QsWOdgEE2oKAmAxmE1RcI2a6nIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意1:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"参加两科鉴定的,理论和实操均在一天内进行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"EQEOdGeEwo8AUmxOYjXcW3jrnUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意2:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"受疫情影响未参加鉴定,按要求提交延期考试申请的考生,将自动迁移至本批次进行考试,无需再报名,待缴费截止后请按照短信提示选择理论考试时间,技能考试也在当天进行,单科补考的选择补考科目考试时间即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CMIUdACCmoeismxYNbacgWZVnGb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"疫情防控要求","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I4I4dkGKWoEa66xWUpWc152SnPe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"以重庆地区政策为例:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GAsMdG8ywoociax6a1YcuYLFn1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为做好常态化疫情防控下的职业技能鉴定工作,各位考生务必佩戴口罩,携带身份证、准考证,出示本人健康码(绿码且无其他异常情况)、行程码(绿码且无其他异常情况)、本次需提供由重庆地区出具的48小时内核酸检测(阴性)证明,经测温、消杀后,由鉴定站工作人员引导考生进行信息登记及身份核验后进入待考区等候。考评期间,考生必须全程佩戴口罩,保持1米以上的距离,避免身体接触和不必要的沟通交流,未经允许不得进入任何与鉴定考核无关的其它区域。考生进入各考评区域前用酒精洗手液进行消毒。考评结束后及时离场,不得逗留。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TGaGdEgmYoEoYuxmIuBcDgg6nNg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"有以下情形之一的考生不能参加鉴定:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UCwSdiOeWosyIWxuIOPcnjXHnYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.健康码、行程码非绿码或有其他异常情况、无重庆地区出具的48小时内核酸检测(阴性)证明,重庆域外省市人员所在辖区内有疫情的(除确定在考前能完成并落实隔离要求的);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"IUY0deSiSoiAqsxwLxzcNdcAnBg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.正处于隔离治疗期的确诊病例、无症状感染者,以及隔离期未满的密切接触者、密切接触者的密切接触者;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I0YgdmCUYoOoscxO6rdcWIWMnde"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.鉴定前21天内有国外和港台旅居史;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Gu2WdSaIwocIqMx0AeocJjRfnzg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.鉴定前14天内有国内高风险区域旅居史;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GyeUdYkUioo6swxMH3tc6hhxnXd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5.鉴定前14天内有国内中风险区域旅居史,且未持当地指挥部批准证明和重庆地区出具的48小时内有效核酸检测阴性证明的考生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I2QqdiSWooKq6Ixsn8JcMaxsnVc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"因疫情防控形势复杂,请外省来渝考生实时关注我市最新防疫要求,避免因疫情影响无法参考。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PamedaU64oKAAWxgD5Dcf6Afnqf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试科目","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LgEIdgAIEocsUSxKkKAcAfmhnMg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"消防设施操作员考试根据培训等级不同,考试侧重点也不同,其考试科目为:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KM6QdKmEqoqawoxER69cMyy0nkd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"理论知识","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。包括消防工作概述、电气消防基础知识、消防水力学基础知识、相关法律法规、职业道德等基本内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"D0AGdo0O2oI0sSxoPzRcLyidnNe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"技能操作","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"。包括消防控制室监控、建筑消防设施操作与维护等实际操作内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ZYMwdCKiuoEQqSxO8WxcSrsenxe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"题型和分值","id":""}],"text":"","id":"By2wdEueoocy6KxO8ofcjMP7nsg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试分为理论知识考试和技能操作考核。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"NaK2dywIgogumGx4A9Jcj93FnIb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先考理论,通过之后预约实操。其中理论知识考试采用全国统一闭卷考试方式实施,时间100分钟,考卷由中国消防行业职业技能鉴定指导中心统一命题。技能操作考核主要采用现场操作、模拟操作等方式。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Bo6udIIGMoY4OixQxblc6EtnnWc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"考试方向","id":""}],"text":"","id":"XK8wdIoOWoGoSYxq0A5c3uGlnKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考试内容根据不同方向分为监控操作和消防设施检测维修保养,考试题目不一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JUSydOUOgow2C4xeKlfcCJq7n1f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果是初级,只有监控操作方向;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LoI4d8kYEoAi8Yxo1VDcCsglnZb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果是中级可以选监控和检测方向,对于检测方向的考生,需要学习设施维修和设施检测模块的内容,如果是监控操作方向,考试不涉及设施维修和设施检测内容。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"O6OgdcCWSoiMUexmAmzc2d0xn8e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"分值","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LuqOdEoCOoeIsWxiKiccFzswnIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"鉴定分为理论知识考试和技能操作考核,均为百分制,分别满60分为合格,分别满80分为良好,分别满90分为优秀。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RaMGdCwM6oMKQoxcxhpcXho5nBb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"证书领取","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DSGudyoewoAYQqxGcJ0cMn3Wn5d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"领取地址一般为各地的消防鉴定站或各地人力资源和社会保障局。证书领取可以分为现场领取和邮寄两种方式,具体证书领取方式由鉴定站另行通知相关联系人。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PU0WdOg0moWmmmxKU0OcJAO8nRe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"考生通过考试后预计7个月至一年左右可以领证,在这个证书下来前的空档期,可以去当地鉴定站开成绩合格证明,抵挡这个证书的空档期。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JUysdaOg4o4gSUxGYLCcy84en8g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"初级报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QUYqdCySKoQkakxa6XlcxW9fn8d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"初级消防设施操作员报考条件,具备以下条件之一即可:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"YYoadSeGmoWEiIxF1fLcvcIpnoU"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、累计从事本职业或相关职业工作1年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"PgyedGSegoo8wcx00JvcxiWGnFh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、本职业或相关职业学徒期满。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcQEdoQC8o2YUIxuGZycH2i0nFe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":729,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"初级报考条件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8fd1ce120f484709a940fb2429e8c025","width":1025},"text":"","id":"YkScd6gG8oQia8xySCccm8iFnjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"报考材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"CY2mdwaYYo0Wo8xwPf5c3rXOnse"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"各地的报名材料根据单机的鉴定站要求准备,下面是以广东省消防救援总队消防行业职业技能鉴定站发文为例:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VEKEdOI82oIQaOxY7tfcxgfgnxh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、身份证复印件:将身份证正面和反面复印在同一页A4纸上,要求复印件上的照片清楚、字迹清晰(注:若身份证过期或遗失可用临时身份证前来报名,并提供临时身份证原件现场审核);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LIkedu0UIoAEAmxuOVRcsu6Dnof"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、毕业证复印件:高中及同等学力以上的学历证书清晰彩照/扫描件。大学专科及同等以上学历请同时提供学信网认证结果截图,大专以下学历若存在学历遗失的,请提供所在学校开具的学历证明(学历证明应盖有公章有效,复印件无效);大专以下学历若存在学历遗失的,请提供所在学校开具的学历证明或户口簿相应页面(学历证明盖有公章有效,复印件无效)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RkCKdoCSCoGukexQ33Hc5DIVnIf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、符合“累计从事本职业或相关职业工作1年(含)以上”或“本职业或相关职业学徒期满”的考生,需提供以下材料:从事本职业或相关职业工作一年(含)以上(或学徒期满)证明,所在单位(企、事业单位、社会团体组织)人力部门开具证明或提供劳动合同,驻本市/省部队人员应提供本人证件复印件及团(含)以上单位政治部门在职证明(盖章有效,复印件无效)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QIQ0dyMqOoymCUxS0xmcbnnBn1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、鉴定考试承诺书:各地消防行业职业技能鉴定站有权对报考人员的各项申报条件进行抽查,如若发现考生申报条件与报考等级不符的情况,将按相关规定严肃处理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Yc4ed6e6socgAqxqi0icaOEun0g"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中级报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DmgqdqWSwokgsOxghAocw0UTn5f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.取得本职业或相关职业五级/初级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"OGoWdoMemoSMC8xiCi2cQo7CnSd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.累计从事本职业或相关职业工作6年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J2ead2EkKoqUSexwZMpcJkJunXf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.取得技工学校本专业或相关专业毕业证书(含尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得经评估论证、以中级技能为培养目标的中等及以上职业学校本专业或相关专业毕业证书(含尚未取得的毕业证书的在校应届毕业生)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Aw4CdESYkokkSQxU52Wc0hCfnXb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":692,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中级报考条件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/1475b6058dd640d2bbb40b3a2c579d8a","width":951},"text":"","id":"TmOMdwsY0oC66qxI5sic1CldnQb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"报考材料","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JYyed0MIaoO4oYxo8becaGrgnub"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"各地的报名材料根据单机的鉴定站要求准备,下面是以广东省消防救援总队消防行业职业技能鉴定站发文为例:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"J6ASdQqaqoksMoxSmlQc1tqKnvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一、身份证复印件:将身份证正面和反面复印在同一页A4纸上,要求复印件上的照片清楚、字迹清晰(注:若身份证过期或遗失可用临时身份证前来报名,并提供临时身份证原件现场审核);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"McQod4OguoI60oxeAyJc7ds5nxd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"二、毕业证复印件:高中及同等学力以上的学历证书清晰彩照/扫描件。大学专科及同等以上学历请同时提供学信网认证结果截图,大专以下学历若存在学历遗失的,请提供所在学校开具的学历证明(学历证明应盖有公章有效,复印件无效);大专以下学历若存在学历遗失的,请提供所在学校开具的学历证明或户口簿相应页面(学历证明盖有公章有效,复印件无效)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Q0sudKwuqoSoUuxeuzrcjWy0ntd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"三、工作证明(符合其一即可):1.符合“取得本职业或相关职业五级/初级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上”的考生。提供本职业或相关职业五级/初级职业资格证书(技能等级证书),同时提供累计从事本职业或相关职业工作4年(含)以上证明。由所在单位(企、事业单位、社会团体组织)人力部门开具证明或提供劳动合同,驻本市/省部队人员应提供本人证件复印件及团(含)以上单位政治部门在职证明(盖章有效,复印件无效)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TwiGdmsKkoYQk8xuebAcsk5tncf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.符合“累计从事本职业或相关职业工作6年(含)以上”的考生。提供累计从事本职业或相关职业工作6年(含)以上证明。由所在单位(企、事业单位、社会团体组织)人力部门开具证明或提供劳动合同,驻本市/省部队人员应提供本人证件复印件及团(含)以上单位政治部门在职证明(盖章有效,复印件无效)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"HOIYd4Cy2o0s0axq6hpcyqhhnnc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.符合“取得技工学校本专业或相关专业毕业证书,或取得经评估论证、以中级技能为培养目标的中等及以上职业学校专业或相关专业毕业证书”的考生。提供毕业证书清晰彩照/扫描件;若为尚未取得毕业证书的在校应届毕业生,应由所在学校教务部门提供在校应届毕业生相关证明(盖章有效,复印件无效)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MGGwdcGeIoYeu2xmyzLcG90qnYd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"四、鉴定考试承诺书:各地消防行业职业技能鉴定站有权对报考人员的各项申报条件进行抽查,如若发现考生申报条件与报考等级不符的情况,将按相关规定严肃处理。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"W6QadCsIko6oGcxkJzHcYjbMnMe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"注意:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"消防设施监控操作和消防设施检测维修保养报考条件和报考材料一致,区别在考试内容和证书上的职业方向。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KSMUdwUmooyGYuxsDvKcgjr4nVb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"高级报考条件","id":""}],"text":"","id":"SKE0dO4kQoGgUMxEHaJc9brWnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.取得本职业或相关职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作5年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"N0Wadwc2MokOkGxMBE5cUCIZnr4"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.取得本职业或相关职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),并具有高级技工学校、技师学院毕业证书(含尚未取得的毕业证书的在校应届毕业生);或取得本职业或相关职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书),并具有经评估论证、以高级技能为培训目标的高等职业学校本专业或相关专业毕业证书(含尚未取得的毕业证书的在校应届毕业生)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"UY62dYewqokmE2xkDT1cs0jtn3b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.具有大专及以上本专业或相关专业毕业证书,并取得本职业或相关职业四级/中级工职业资格证书(技能等级证书)后,累计从事本职业或相关职业工作2年(含)以上。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Y4U0deiSOouemAx8zVBcCmepnGe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":561,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"高级报考条件","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/53152ad6e60b48839a5a72bee2ca9bf3","width":748},"text":"","id":"DAUqdM28Yoyy2yxolEwcN7yEnjg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"截止到2022年11月各地均未进行高级考试报名,后续如果高级证书可以报名需要以官方每期发布的公告准备材料。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Sc22d0OWQowIukxoxpFccHPYnEb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"理论题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DCuidoOMeoCGAqxgVuIcLMCmnrz"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在培训机构报名成功后,开始前期的网络课程学习部分和在线做题库练习以及模拟考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WSEYd0mAooCAyGxA9g9cMFFcnYK"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"为了配合《标准》的实施,中国消防协会组织有关专家编写了这套消防行业特有工种职业培训与技能鉴定统编教材,由中国劳动社会保障出版社出版发行。本套教材对标《标准》,按照消防设施操作员参加职业资格培训和技能鉴定的需求设定内容,并根据《标准》中划定的不同等级职业技能要求,将教材分成:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"JkQ4dgwgCoyIuExUNKgcBi1Enhg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《消防设施操作员(基础知识)》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QYwkd0wcsoyMwIxYlHCcRMLRnEd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《消防设施操作员(初级)》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RGCEdAi0yoMqwexasyfcbJcOnEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《消防设施操作员(中级)》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Ui6udWyg0oymCExuejGcsb3Insf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《消防设施操作员(高级)》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"LQgcdsCEKoGcYix2pa9cxPVpnvh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"《消防设施操作员(技师高级技师)》","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QcGcd8YK8oiMsCxAp5icHdVgnne"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"app推荐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"I8QCdYGOCo0AI2xyi02cZF2zndf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"聚题库","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"APP中有全新模拟试题,包括历年中级、基础、高级消防设施操作员课程。题库中的试题是完全模拟真实考试。同时学员可以利用题库进行消防设施操作员考试相关的综合练习、强化练习、模拟考试,巩固专业关键知识点,提高备考效率,大大提高考试通过率。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"H0M0d4YKwo8cYsxQ5uCca4NHnKb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"备考","id":""}],"text":"","id":"Fi8qdmC66oqWYKxiI6jcBwiqnic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"备考第一阶段:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"以学习理论知识为主,可以观看精讲课程,课程内容以理解为主,把握重要考点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"T8UOdmGQMosQ6AxsrWEcPpUpn7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"备考第二阶段:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"强化重点知识,通过做题了解考点以及考查形式,结合强化冲刺视频,学完 一章做一章节的题目,做错的题需要返回课本中找到出处,强化做错的知识点,题一般重复做 3-5 次,直至完全掌握为止。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GCQAd6C88oqOs6xukMzcLnvpnjd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"备考第三阶段:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"需要考生将书本和消防设施操作员规范相结合进行学习,强化重点和难点,考生需要自己绘制思维导图,构建相关知识的结构体系,背诵需要记忆的表格数据,理解消防设施操作员考试的重点和难点。在建立好框架的同时一定要通过做题对知识进行加强和巩固,建议在做题练习的同时一定要做好错题的归纳和总结。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"KueEdIYuaoeskIxTguQcKeM6ntu"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"备考第四阶段:","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"大量做题强化阶段。考前10天开始第三阶段学习,学习以刷题为主,可做模拟试卷,可以自己计时模拟考试,全部做完题目之后再去看答案。刷题过程中注意总结做题技巧,考前1周回归到教材,查漏补缺。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"ACs0dseKaoYGIcx4xYicXsSknab"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"还有小伙伴们在决定报名后,可以在浏览器上观看这个老师的视频,她在视频中已经把考试内容和等级划分已经帮大家很好的梳理清楚了。链接如下:","id":""},{"type":"external_link","attrs":{"url":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1VY4y1s711/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=5d64dd8ffce01670b3c7c8c70257178b"},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV1VY4y1s711/?spm_id_from=333.337.search-card.all.click\u0026vd_source=5d64dd8ffce01670b3c7c8c70257178b","id":""}],"text":"","id":""}],"text":"","id":"WWqodgkyGog4y6xKQ2Fc1YkKnMd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"实操题","id":""}],"text":"","id":"DWK2deEK2oy0wUxk5sXcIOdmnxc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"在消防设施操作员职业培训机构时,老师们会安排考生进行实际操作,其中包括","id":""},{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"控制室考试、水系统考试、电气设备考试。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"GkwodmqiOoMWUOx6Sz1cntxCn1g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"控制室考试","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QUsidUuOmoOKaWxEbpGcUFO5nYe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.火灾报警控制器工作状态判断:在考试时考生需等待模拟信号出现后再做出判断。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"AEMmd4E0Co0IEuxkToWcMAOxnFd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.消防联动控制器及多线制控制盘控制状态切换:在考试时考生根据题目要求只需操作钥匙切换控制状态即可。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"VqwIdWsI2o2aIIxghQucnJ2rnvg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3.总线盘上启动设备并判断指示灯的意义:考试时考生在总线盘上启动设备后,需根据现场实际信号对启动状态做出判断。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"A66WdsScOo24aGxM7IPcwY7pnje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4.消防应急广播录制并播放:在考试时考生需录制成功或录制后播放完整的音频文件。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"P2akdsCC6oKymKxy4OtcYCILnGd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"水系统考试","id":""}],"text":"","id":"POE2daYgQoQKUUx6GtxcKFtvnng"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1.识别双电源控制柜工作状态:考生需根据模拟信号,现场对双电源控制柜工作状态做出判断。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"QwESdy2imoqOayxE1zzcqKC9nYc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.现场测试湿式系统末端试水装置:在考试时考生需要在末端试水装置开启后,按题目要求停止喷淋泵,考生需根据语音提示及指示灯停止喷淋泵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"RaicdQUWOoEs2KxYpVScSdjZnTf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","marks":[{"type":"strong"}],"text":"电气设备考试","id":""}],"text":"","id":"TMa8dg4ISoGWSaxKCZBcQQ3Snmg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"现场操作排烟系统手动执行机构联动启动排烟风机:考生能准确找到排烟口手动执行机构,大多数操作远程执行机构,需根据题目要求设置控制状态后找到并操作排烟口手动执行机构。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"MMMedeYe6oAWyYxs7H1cUNOknyc"}]%3C%2Fhowto_content%3E5. rf57减速机
WN表示对焊
1、50表示公称通径DN(B表示B系列管径是57)-25是压力新标准是25公斤压力,老标准是250公斤压力,RF密封面,突面S=6法兰径厚度,也是配管的厚度。
2、就成为深度学习必备之神器。自 BN 之后, Layer Norm / Weight Norm / Cosine Norm 等也横空出世。本文从 Normalization 的背景讲起,用一个公式概括 Normalization 的基本思想与通用框架,将各大主流方法一一对号入座进行深入的对比分析,并从参数和数据的伸缩不变性的角度探讨 Normalization 有效的深层原因。
6. rf27减速机
型号 R17、R27、R37、R47、R57、R67、R77、R87、R97、R107、R137、R147、R167 RF17、RF27、RF37
看你是多少马力啊
7. rf47减速机选型表
行书,是一种书法统称,分为行楷和行草两种。在楷书的基础上发展,是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体,是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。"行"是"行走"的意思,因此它不像草书那样潦草,也不像楷书那样端正。
行书特点
行书作为一种有别于其他字体的独立字体,自然在笔画形态、用笔方法、部首写法以及结构上都有其自身的一些特点。
行笔增速
行书的行笔增速是相对楷书而言的。行书在增速上,不仅表现在笔画与笔画出现牵丝映带、以圆转代替方折,还表现在笔顺的改变和以简代繁甚至借用草书的一些写法上等等。但是在书写时不能为了快而快,造成笔笔相连如蜘蛛网一样。
笔画线条多变
楷如立,行如走,行书的走体现在笔画的流动性而形成的动感上。起笔多以露锋起笔,笔画之间增加呼应等,下面仅从四个方便加以说明:
附笔连接
所谓附笔,就是一个字的原来笔画顺势而出现的附加笔画(比较细、比较虚)。如点、横画与下面的笔画衔接时,出现附钩;与上面的笔画衔接时出现附挑;长撇收笔处往往出现明显的起钩,看上去与“钩”没有什么不同,实际上是撇画的附钩。如图:
这些附钩、附挑与上笔、下笔连接的呼应关系极为明显,使笔画脉络相通,活泼流畅、动感十足。但要注意,这些附钩、附挑的出现,是行笔过程中起笔和收笔留下的自然痕迹,不可有意去描摹追求。否则会失去天然美。
以圆代方
行书的转折笔画,方笔明显减少,而以圆代替方折,这是由于行笔增快的原因。转折处省略了提按的顿笔,圆转而过,使笔画圆润自然。如图:
变直为弧
楷书要求横平竖直,而行书的横竖由于行笔增快,为了增强笔画之间的呼应关系,长横和长竖的写法有的稍带弧形。如图:
但不是所有的横、竖都作弧形,如中竖就要挺直,即便是稍带有弧形的笔画,也要有一定的力度,柔中见刚。
以简代繁
楷书的笔画各自独立,其笔画数目严格遵循汉字规范,一个字由几个笔画就写几个笔画。写行书时,为了书写简便,往往将相邻的笔画连写,合并线条,或对楷书的某些部位做了简化,减少起、收笔的次数。
楷书的钩画,在书写行书时,多省略了起钩。如图:
行书的基本笔画点画,可以代替横、竖、撇、捺笔画。如图:
行书的部首在楷书的基础上出现连笔,减少了笔画数,使书写更加方便。如图:
笔顺变化
行书的笔顺大部分遵循楷书笔顺规则,但为了连写便捷,一篇字中有时会出现一些人们习惯使用的行草书字形,有些字就改变了常规的笔画顺序。如图(楷书6笔,行书3笔):
体势变化
由于行书的笔画较之楷书发生了一些变化,其结果也随着带来了变化。大体有以下几种情况:
1、一个字有多种写法
如“是”字下半部分,“花”字的字头,写得有放有缩,同中有异,多样而统一,颇有趣味。如图:
2.打破楷书端庄方正的束缚,略带攲斜,自成新的体势
如横画可以较大幅度上斜,笔画的走向也可以略偏离原来楷书的轨道。这就在不同程度上改变了楷书的体势,使整篇字中的个体和群体都变得自由活泼了,避免了楷书的呆板。如图:
行书运笔技巧
笔画运行
硬笔行书的基本笔画,在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。
所谓起笔,就是开始书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔;行笔,就是书写笔画的中间运笔;收笔,就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画,左为起笔,中为行笔,右为收笔,等等。起笔有轻有重,行笔有快有慢,收笔有回有露。例如:
提笔、按笔
硬笔行书的用笔也讲究提按,以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔,就是笔从纸面提起,笔尖触纸力度小,笔画要细;所谓按笔,就是笔尖在纸上往下按,笔尖触纸力度大,笔画要粗一些。如图:
翻笔、折笔
翻笔,一般是向上取逆势,上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑。如“古”字的横,“人”、“有”的撇都是用翻笔写成的。折笔,一般是向下、向右取顺势,如“口”字的横折、“山”字的竖折,都是用这笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔,都要求用笔慢而有力。如图:
侧笔
侧笔主要取字的姿态,笔画的下笔处比较方折,显得刚劲有力。如“五、方”等字的长横,“永、广”等字的侧点,“志”字的中竖,“个”字的斜撇等,都是侧笔写成的。如图:
涩笔
涩笔,书写时故意放慢行笔速度,认为制造行笔阻力。目的在于强调线条的质感,多用于竖钩、竖弯钩等笔画。如图:
游笔
游笔似行云流水,用笔流畅、便捷,多用于钩画字的轮廓,以增加线条的流动。如图:
掠笔
掠笔也叫牵丝,书写时将笔轻提,一带而过。掠笔的作用是牵引笔画,加强上一笔画与下一笔画之间的联系。但要注意,掠笔使用要自然,不能笔笔都用牵丝或人为地去描摹。如图:
叠笔
叠笔,就是在原来的行笔路线上重返进行。这种方法,可以使局部笔画变得丰润。需要注意的是重叠的距离不能过长。如图:
行书笔画
基本笔画
笔画是构成字的基本要素,练习基本笔画是书写汉字的基本功训练。行书笔画是在楷书笔画的基础上增加速度和流动感,有时可直接使用楷法,有时增加牵丝,钩挑或弧形笔画。
点
1、带勾点是由点带出勾挑,如“不”字,目的是牵引下一字。写法是先顺势写长点,用笔要由轻而重、由左而右,勾时再用力顿一下,然后迅速向左下勾出。带勾点要有一定的弯势,不能生硬僵直;线条要遭劲流利,不能软弱迟疑。
2、带下点是指上下两点一笔带下,如“淤”(于)字。写法是落笔写上点,用力顿一下,再提笔写下点,最后再用力顿一下,迅速勾出。上点略侧,下点稍平,上下点之间,用一细细的牵丝相连。使上下连贯、粗细分明,有形态、有动势。
3、带右点是由左点带出右点,如“以”字。写法是用笔轻落重按先写左点,然后提笔写右点,略顿一下用力向右上趯出,趯勾要短小。写带右点时左点要大右点要小,如两点差不多大,就缺少变化。
4、合二点是指左右两点相呼相应,如“六”字。写法是轻落重按写左点,然后用力向右上勾出,再顺着勾势写右点,最后用力向左下撇出。合二点虽然中间没有牵丝相连,但要一气呵成,左点与右点之间应左高右低,遥相呼应。
横
1、下勾横是指横画下面带勾,如“然”字。“然”字下面本来是四点,现改写为一横画,是采用了草书写法。写法是落笔略顿,再向右写横,至末端用力折笔向左下勾出。
2、上挑横是指横画上面带挑,如“古”字。写法是在写好一横后,再用力一顿翻笔上挑而出.上挑横与下勾横不同处是末端收笔的方向不一样,前者上挑,后者下勾;上挑是为了顺势写上画,下勾是为了开启下笔。
竖
1、悬针竖是指竖画下面尖尖的如针倒悬,如“半”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下、由重而轻写竖画。悬针竖要如针垂直端悬,不能东斜西倒。
2、垂露竖是指竖画下面不失如露水倒垂,如“申”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下写竖画,至末端再略顿一下,回锋收笔。垂露竖的两端用笔重而中间用笔轻,两端书写速度慢而中间书写速度快,竖中带挺呈曲势,如人挺立,显得精神饱满。
3、曲勾竖是指竖画下端带曲勾,如“抑”字。写法是写好一竖后,末端收笔时顺势向左下迅速勾出。曲勾竖的竖中略带曲势,并非一味地端直。
4、仰勾竖是指竖画下端带仰勾,如“隆”字。写法是落笔写竖画,至末端再用力向右上勾出。。仰勾竖与曲勾竖的差别是前者仰勾向上、由左而右,后者曲勾向下、由右而左;前者是承上笔,后者是启下画。
撇
1、回锋撇是指撇画下端回锋向上,如“化”字。写法是落笔稍重,随着向左下写撇,至撇尾再回锋向上收笔。因为撇尾回锋收笔,并非出锋收笔。所以撇尾不失而圆。
2、挑脚撇是指撇画下端挑脚向上,如“今”字。写法与回锋撇同,只是收笔时挑脚而出呈勾状。一般说,回锋撇往往是撇后写竖,笔势角度小,挑脚撇往往是撇后写捺,笔势角度大。
3、斜撇斜撇是楷书写法,撇端尖尖的,如“余”字。写法是落笔稍重,然后逐渐提笔向左下撇出,撇时要轻灵不要迟疑,而且力要送到撇尖。
4、平撇平撇在字头,短小而平,如“重”字。写法是落笔重,略顿,随后提笔迅速撇出。平撇的形态有点象鸟啄,短小尖锐。
捺
1、斜捺是指捺画斜而长,如“秦”字。斜捺在汉字中往往与斜撇相配,如同人的左右手。写法是顺着撇势轻落笔,略横行,接着转笔向右下方写。捺时要稍用力,随即向右平捺出。斜捺的形态是一波三折,故又称“波画”。
2、回锋捺是指斜捺的捺脚收笔处不是出锋而是回锋,如“天”字。写法与斜捺同,只是最后回锋收笔,露出下尖勾,目的是为了书写下一字。
3、反捺是从斜捺、回锋捺变化而来,如“木”字。写法是轻落笔,触纸后徐徐用力向右下行笔,然后用力向左下勾出。
4、圆曲捺是指游水捺的三弯处圆曲如环。写法是先落笔写一点,接着顺势写一竖,再提笔向右拐弯,然后回锋或藏锋收笔。写回曲捺要注意两点,一是拐弯要圆曲不能生硬,二是捺尾要圆浑不能尖利。
5、平捺在字的下面起托的作用,因比字头或字中的斜捺角度较小波画较平而名之,如“之”字。写法是回锋落笔,略横,随着向右下用笔,然后用力平平捺出。平捺与斜捺一样,形态是一波三折,有一种流动的势态。
6、挑勾捺是指平捺的捺脚上挑,如“超”字。写法是写好平捺后,捺脚不平出,而是顺势上挑成勾状,目的是为了便于写“走”字里面的部分。挑勾捺其实是在平捺快写后顺着笔势自然形成的一种写法,不可勉强为之。
挑
1、短挑是挑画的一种,线条短小,如“地”字。短挑在行书中是承着其他点画书写而出,短小精锐,恰似一把短剑。写法是落笔后略顿,随即逐渐提笔用力挑出。
2、撇折挑是指撇和挑连写,如“福”字。写法是先写一撇,然后折笔用力向右上迅速挑出,撇折挑要注意折处,书写时点画务必交待清楚,不能含含糊糊,拖泥带水。
勾
1、蟹爪勾是指竖勾屈曲似蟹爪,如“寺”字。写法是先写竖画,然后转笔向左行笔,再翻笔向上勾出。蟹爪勾是竖勾的变化写法,形态优美、线条雄健、气势酣畅。
2、戈勾即戈字勾,如“戊”字。写法是侧锋落笔,然后纵笔而下,勾时用力翻笔向上勾出。戈画平中带弧有韧劲,刚中含柔见纵势。
3、背抛勾是指从背面反抛勾出,如“夙”字。写法是顺势写上横画,拐弯时折笔而下,然后宛转提笔写下弯画,再翻笔向左上勾出。背抛勾转弯抹角处不能生硬有棱角,勾尖要向内,对着字心首画。
4、浮鹅勾因形同白鹅浮绿水而名,如“毛”字。写法是落笔稍重,接着用笔向下写直画,随即提笔拐弯写横,最后翻笔向上勾出。浮鹅勾要鹅头高昂,鹅身平正,方正中呈圆势,态度雍容大方,气宇轩昂不几。
5、回锋勾如同回锋捺是斜捺的快写形式一样,回锋勾是浮鹅勾的快写形式,如“也”字。写法是顺势写竖横圆曲折,然后翻笔由上绕一小圈向下勾出。回锋勾与浮鹅勾的不同处除了勾的形式和方向不一样外,是回锋勾的竖横向内圆曲而浮鹅勾的竖横向外开拓。向内圆曲的比较宛转流利,向外开拓的比较雄健挺拔。
折
1、横勾折是指横画加折勾,如“罪”字。写法是落笔先写横画,折时稍用力向左下方勾出。横勾折不仅要横与勾的笔画分明,而且转折要自然有力。
2、竖勾折是指竖画加折勾,如“问”字。写法是先写竖画,要心胸挺起,折时不妨笔略提起,再顿下去,然后迅速向左上勾出。
3、曲折在行书中用得很多,凡是撇捺连续快写都成曲折,如“根”字。写法是落笔写撇画,接着向右折笔,再随即向下勾。曲折形似闪电,富于动态。
4、撇捺折是撇捺的连写,但书写较工整,如“衣”字。写法是落笔稍重,再逐渐提笔写撇,然后回锋向右下方写反捺,即成。撇捺折在撇捺的交接处要连写,要有折的风味。
5、三弯折是指三弯折曲折成三弯,如“乃”字。写法是先落笔写横,再折笔写弯,接着顺势向下弯出。三弯折要折而有韧劲,弯曲自然舒展。
6、内勾折是由横撇折的外勾变为内勾,如“序”字。写法是写好横画后,接着翻笔写撇,撇要成内包势,随即趁势向右上勾出。
7、鹅勾折是浮鹅勾的快速简便写法,如“光”字。写法是依势落笔写短斜竖,随即折笔向右上勾出。鹅勾折的折处要圆润遒丽,用笔要流畅明净。
行书偏旁
行书偏旁一定要根据与其所搭配的单体的长短、肥瘦,大小不同而有所变化,不能千篇一律。此外,部首一定要与其所搭配的单体互相呼应。呼应的方法,或者借助于楷书用意连,或者借助于草书用形连。形连时要注意既要靠牵丝,又要靠笔势,过多地使用牵丝,如果形连势不能连,整个字仍是盘散沙。
食字旁
侧锋落笔写撇,随即回锋写横勾折,接着顺势写竖仰勾。整个食字旁线条清楚匀称,是一笔写成。
衣字旁
首点向左下带出一点以呼应下一笔,撇点用撇提代替,改变示字旁的书写顺序。
弓字旁
先落笔写横折,再翻笔写横折勾。弓字旁的弓须一气呵成,不能用两笔或三笔写成。
虫字旁
落笔写短斜竖,再顺势写横竖折,接着回锋写下横,然后翻笔向上写竖折挑,为了便于书写,行书虫字旁的一点往往省掉。
马字旁
落笔写出折勾,再回笔写竖横折勾,最后顺势写下横。下横一般写成挑画,以便书写右面点画。
页字旁
页字旁主要是在右部。其第一横要稍长,抗肩,中间用小撇画,不要太长,撇画的起笔位置稍靠左,第二个撇画的弯度较大一些,但不要写的太长,最后撇画带出小钩,呼应最后一点。
舌字旁
首先平撇要短,角度稍平,竖写短,横可稍长,但口字要写小。所以偏旁整体要小。
田字旁
田字旁也是写小,且整体稍向右上斜。
行书章法
行书是介于楷书和草书之间的书体,是日常生活书写中最常用最流行的书体。尤以钢笔行书为最。行书笔画、结构有一定的伸缩性,形态又多变化,丰富奇彩、意到笔随,可塑性大,利于发挥艺术效果,实用价值更是超过其它书体。一副得意之作,通篇结构,引领管带,首尾呼应,一气呵成,各尽意志,气适流动,起伏随势,巧布虚陈,寄情寓意,无不淋漓尽致,酣畅爽快,令人赏心悦目。这些都说明章法在行书创作中显得尤为重要。
章法特点
行书由于笔画、结构变化较大,形体各异,加之书写风格不同,因而即使同一字也会出现多种形态,有肥瘦、长短、方圆、雄浑、挺拨、俊秀等差别。正是这些差别,使行书作品千姿百态,异彩纷呈,构成了不同的气韵的章法。因此,行书的谋篇布局较楷书要灵活得多,具有如下特点:
笔势多取纵势
由于行书笔画活泼流动,笔画之间有牵纵行带,前字的末笔与后字的首笔连带密切,如取纵势,更显得如行云流水,气韵贯通,给人以一气呵成之势。
疏密变化自如
行书除笔画、结构有疏密变化外,在整体布局中通过改变字形的大小、长短、字态的肥瘦、俯仰,能自由地调整疏密位置与布白,达到疏密得当,布白奇妙的效果。
参差错落有致
行书不仅仅笔画、结体各部分及字与字之间有参差变化外,而且行与行之间及通篇亦有错落变化,这样,整体布局显得活泼灵动,妙趣横生。
行气直抒胸臆
由于行书书写速度较快,行笔之时情法于中、笔情交融,最能直接表达书者的情感,增加作品的感染力。
谋篇技巧
以动为主
楷书的章法以静为主要特征,给人以平和稳定、一丝不苟、不激不厉和端正严肃的感觉;行书章法则以动为主要特征,给人以生动飘逸和富有生命活力的感觉。
前人出书法要“师造化”,凡在现实生活中能见到的动作姿态,都可借鉴到行、草书中去,以增强行书作品的动感,丰富其内涵和底蕴。多欣赏和临写古今行书大家作品,也是培养书写动感的有效途径。我们不能用楷书的结体和章法来写行书,这样会使作品显得沉快无生气。
虽然行书强调动感,但并不是随意为之、不要法度,它仍要遵循一定的规律,以严谨求灵变,避免过于放纵。
以不齐求齐
楷书要求字的上下左右间隔匀称,排列整齐,以工整规范为美。行书则要求字形有大小,间隔有疏密排列,有错落变化,以局部的不整齐求得整体的平衡、稳定和齐整,以变化为美。一幅好的行书作品,初看起来一行一行排列得很整齐,行与行之间的距离也相等,一气呵成,浑然一体,气韵生动,但细看起来,我们不难发现,字与字并不对齐,有的偏左,有的偏右,左右动荡不写,行与行之间的距离也不相等,有的紧,有的松,没有定则,即所谓的“行书无写法”,需要我们多实践、多体会。
具有节奏变化
一幅好的行书作品,就象一首抒情的歌曲,时而婉转平和,时而高亢豪迈,时而如行云流水,时而如电闪雷鸣,几经曲折,波澜起伏。这些都是书者书写时情感的自然渲泄,这种渲泻是有节奏的,体现了行书作品的节奏美。
前后呼应
行书作品最注重首字,应静心写好文稿第一字,以统领全篇。要使行书的章法显得严谨而又富于变化,一定要注意前后呼应关系,要意在笔先,事先考虑好前后字的衔接问题。
书写姿势
坐姿
正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看,还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥,有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养,只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。
1、头部端正:头要居中,稍向前下方俯视,眼睛与纸面一尺距离,不可俯得太低,也不可左偏、右斜。
2、身直肩平:臀部平坐于椅子中间大部,不能扭向一边,两肩平齐,上身不弯曲,使上身重心安稳。
3、臂开胸舒:两臂自然开张,两肘平放桌面,保持一线,腹背挺直,胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离,使呼吸顺畅。
4、腿开足安:两腿分开,与肩同宽,自然下垂,内侧保持平行,两脚平放地上,使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势,才能使字写得端正,重心平衡。同时,正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。
握姿
执笔方法不正确,不但妨碍书写姿势,影响书写质量,还会给书写者身心健康带来危害,不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点,硬笔是三指执笔法,斜拿。
正确的执笔方法:
①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆(三指处于同一平面);
②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm(两指左右);
③所有指关节都向外弯;
④笔杆位于食指的根部(如下图)。
同时,还要做到:
①指实:拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量,处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上,将笔杆夹牢,松紧适度。
②掌虚:无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢,并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座,虚贴桌面。
③杆斜:笔杆向右后方倾斜,紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向,与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字,手指向前伸直,笔杆与纸面角度减小;书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩,笔杆与纸面角度大,宜于精離细琢。
工具
选笔
钢笔
钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。适合练字的钢笔,日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776,百乐78G,写乐21K等。
关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:
(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;
(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;
(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。
中性笔
中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。
推荐适合练字的中性笔
1、国产中性笔宝克PC-1168,这款笔无论从握持手感、出水流畅度、品控还是书写感受方面,都属于第一梯队的,一点也不比那些昂贵的进口中性笔差。
2、百乐P700和P500,其实就是0.7和0.5,笔感超级顺滑,而且出水不多不少,非常好写,这么出名是有原因的。可能看不出来,但0.5确实比0.7的更细。练字推荐用0.7,0.5的可以日常用。
中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:
(1)书写流度,笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;
(2)握笔舒适度,长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;
(3)墨干燥速度,书写时不会被谱黑就行。
其他笔
除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。
纸张
练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。
重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。
另外,有以下几个点可以注意:
(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。
(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。
(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行书的练习对纸的要求较低。
字帖
如果基础比较差,或者追求没那么高,可以从现代字帖练,比较容易上手。如果想追求书法或者有一定基础,那么就要多临摹古帖了。硬笔临摹古帖,初学以赵孟頫行楷《妙严寺》、《胆巴碑》过度,再以《赤壁赋》、《吴兴赋》入手,然后可以临文征明等二王一路的帖。或者直接以李邕《法华寺》入手。以上字帖,要下大功夫临摹,专注一本,长期熏修,悟到行书精髓,然后可以遍临诸家。
推荐字帖
1、田英章的字帖
田英章的硬笔字,刚中带柔,舒展洒脱。
以下是田英章老师的一些作品:
2、李放鸣字帖
李放鸣字的风格与田英章老师较为相近。其书法字帖因选材独特、版式新颖、印刷精美,被许多学校作为指定书法教材,在全国首届硬笔书法系列评比中获书家组“十佳字帖”奖,
以下是李放鸣老师的一些作品:
3、司马彦行书
司马彦的行书相当棒特别适合初学者临习,临他的字帖其优点是不容易走偏而且有利于将来的发展是国内目前少有的即有名气又有实力的书法家,他的行书字帖是国内许多院校硬笔行书的必修课。
书写注意的问题
钢笔行书的幅式有中堂条幅、条屏、对联、横幅、长卷、扇面等幅式。
钢笔行书函文的书写形式,也有竖写和横写两种方式。常用的排列方式,与楷书大体接近。一般用单线稿纸或无格纸书写较多,方格纸用得较少。
钢笔行书的落款,款文要用本体或行草书写,款文字形要小于正文,钤印的印章宁少勿多,1-2方足矣。印章的大小,应等于或略大于款文,但不得大于正文。钤印位置要与正文相呼应,起到活跃布局、平衡作品的作用。
(一)要以楷书为基础,在结构和用笔两方面练好扎实的基本功。行书的用笔和结构虽然较楷书有所变化,但还没有达到草书“解散楷体”的程度。因此,学习行书必须要具备一定的楷书基础。
(二)要重视临摹。行书虽然承袭楷书,但笔画、部首和结体都发生了一些规律性的变化。这些规律性的变化、写法,就要通过临摹去掌握,而不能随心所欲。
(三)不宜过分强调和滥用行书的用笔特点。前面讲了行书诸多特点,在书写中适当运用能给字增色,但如果过分追求和滥用某一方面的特点,就会走向反面。如,笔笔相连,就会造成圈眼密布而形同蛛网。
(四)学习行书宜从部首开始。行书在长期使用过程中形成了一些约定俗成的写法,熟悉和掌握这些部首的写法,就能了解行书的造形规律,收到举一反三之效。
坚持练字
当我们学习一项新技能,坚持这件事无疑是学习过程中最重要的事,也是最难做到的事,练字也是这样。
想要坚持就得有大的决心,然后培养出习惯,并且能体会到练字给自己带来的乐趣。在坚持的过程中,能够得到来自别人和自己的肯定。
所以,不妨列一个计划,树立一个可以达到的目标。前期的目标不能追求质的改变,需要做量的积累。例如,我要临写琴赋,我每周要认真的练10个字。我第一天可以通临一遍,我第三十天的时候再通临一遍。可以做一次比较。如果认真练,一个月,成果还是能激励到自己的。
%3Chowto_content%3E[{"type":"paragraph","attrs":{"is_abstract":true},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书,是一种书法统称,分为行楷和行草两种。在楷书的基础上发展,是介于楷书、草书之间的一种字体,是为了弥补楷书的书写速度太慢和草书的难于辨认而产生的。\"行\"是\"行走\"的意思,因此它不像草书那样潦草,也不像楷书那样端正。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYooE6s02q6YwaIX4hu9uoh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnCmOEs00igwWECGZNmciYhd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书作为一种有别于其他字体的独立字体,自然在笔画形态、用笔方法、部首写法以及结构上都有其自身的一些特点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngkAmU6qiK4i8Qv6BxHNrRh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行笔增速","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw6GEi4esci8uQI1iR5Lh6N"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的行笔增速是相对楷书而言的。行书在增速上,不仅表现在笔画与笔画出现牵丝映带、以圆转代替方折,还表现在笔顺的改变和以简代繁甚至借用草书的一些写法上等等。但是在书写时不能为了快而快,造成笔笔相连如蜘蛛网一样。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4A2qasEiuWUYkZ1dqB2YKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画线条多变","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAC0IEe8smUMWUNkE65pqFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷如立,行如走,行书的走体现在笔画的流动性而形成的动感上。起笔多以露锋起笔,笔画之间增加呼应等,下面仅从四个方便加以说明:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmo2EUA2QyQYQOpRuAKjWVN"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"附笔连接","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKO8U08cWWeECqYPIfYOYFe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓附笔,就是一个字的原来笔画顺势而出现的附加笔画(比较细、比较虚)。如点、横画与下面的笔画衔接时,出现附钩;与上面的笔画衔接时出现附挑;长撇收笔处往往出现明显的起钩,看上去与“钩”没有什么不同,实际上是撇画的附钩。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng40Ayk4sOochdaUkUaDoRc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":108,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"附笔连接","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/43efcea54da646f6a1d8588dd9acbb05","width":573},"text":"","id":"doxcne4MYO0e0MSEOaqWW5DscEg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"这些附钩、附挑与上笔、下笔连接的呼应关系极为明显,使笔画脉络相通,活泼流畅、动感十足。但要注意,这些附钩、附挑的出现,是行笔过程中起笔和收笔留下的自然痕迹,不可有意去描摹追求。否则会失去天然美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQosAsCSGaCgIWgLBtZK6cf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆代方","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnke0eqiaMQIEkckKTrA1cjb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的转折笔画,方笔明显减少,而以圆代替方折,这是由于行笔增快的原因。转折处省略了提按的顿笔,圆转而过,使笔画圆润自然。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMIigaa6YeQ0cqQPyA7Bwrh"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":114,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以圆代方","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3df66880e13941ed8c28a0a9e89433cc","width":595},"text":"","id":"doxcnSw6iMMO06ssymyB1twoYmh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"变直为弧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00YcUQm8uSGQuGKq3NljJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书要求横平竖直,而行书的横竖由于行笔增快,为了增强笔画之间的呼应关系,长横和长竖的写法有的稍带弧形。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaKskOi0sY4KGakHWIsQk3z"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":116,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"变直为弧","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9e2e62322ec94f59a612fbba339eeec5","width":613},"text":"","id":"doxcnGqo4eSEKUUwSwTXTYrUHic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"但不是所有的横、竖都作弧形,如中竖就要挺直,即便是稍带有弧形的笔画,也要有一定的力度,柔中见刚。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYi0UGKweOYA4KkT58rn5T2"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnGiaEmcsGagIm4OSsc9z8bc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的笔画各自独立,其笔画数目严格遵循汉字规范,一个字由几个笔画就写几个笔画。写行书时,为了书写简便,往往将相邻的笔画连写,合并线条,或对楷书的某些部位做了简化,减少起、收笔的次数。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnsQQsMgoM2A402yVHiHyPUv"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的钩画,在书写行书时,多省略了起钩。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn6eyqgoGoem08SsWngD7f3f"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":98,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/5157921230054b6a804143ae8d7756e6","width":628},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6KygmS0QoOUwjHQ8geBXe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的基本笔画点画,可以代替横、竖、撇、捺笔画。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmYOkwSwUuW4YMRE6knAXNc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":122,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0e5dfc7fa63741c0942da7d934e3acb5","width":610},"text":"","id":"doxcnaoEGQ0IMI62yuwFnncnP1u"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的部首在楷书的基础上出现连笔,减少了笔画数,使书写更加方便。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng8CEO06kGaGiWK2FYjnhIe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":131,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"以简代繁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4eea97e5508746bfafdcbd6380762cc7","width":624},"text":"","id":"doxcnsOuGiIi2ySsEamQ4uXeCXe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔顺变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOWYccUaQYoYwYVjno6mVFg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书的笔顺大部分遵循楷书笔顺规则,但为了连写便捷,一篇字中有时会出现一些人们习惯使用的行草书字形,有些字就改变了常规的笔画顺序。","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"如图","id":""},{"type":"text","text":"(楷书6笔,行书3笔):","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYCYuqeCYaI683GEkwio1e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":101,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔顺变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/c17aacf9e7d443d9af3e061371e27185","width":578},"text":"","id":"doxcnYQsY0AQiQM60SIwbqdCQZe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnK8ekquqcSwW6gc1HfDZZy7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书的笔画较之楷书发生了一些变化,其结果也随着带来了变化。大体有以下几种情况:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYcayiScyO4ksEpwQUWCpCe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、一个字有多种写法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0SE0GGqO0UeUiIHM8D5oDd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如“是”字下半部分,“花”字的字头,写得有放有缩,同中有异,多样而统一,颇有趣味。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEIYGeI42OG8QGOOxMNGnTd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":204,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6533086ba36547b8b87ccf77e41669a1","width":483},"text":"","id":"doxcnQyEiqUKeqUyo8LDxLzsHJh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2.打破楷书端庄方正的束缚,略带攲斜,自成新的体势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnekuEeAGmUas0eW6kEGNm5b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如横画可以较大幅度上斜,笔画的走向也可以略偏离原来楷书的轨道。这就在不同程度上改变了楷书的体势,使整篇字中的个体和群体都变得自由活泼了,避免了楷书的呆板。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIqUEEeswYSKAARJKgVX2Ff"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":118,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"体势变化","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4d239260d0e2409ca39134892ee5fd44","width":589},"text":"","id":"doxcnK6GK8OwqqoCqkpbuAXc8bg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书运笔技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn286meS28OAIS2SImTeo2kb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画运行","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn66mcsMAg8ME2uClYQvkzCd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书的基本笔画,在书写时都有起笔、行笔、收笔三个过程。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8oiwWqqI0W6K0ceOnst56d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"所谓起笔,就是开始书写笔画笔尖触纸时的下笔;行笔,就是书写笔画的中间运笔;收笔,就是笔画书写结束时的用笔。如写横画,左为起笔,中为行笔,右为收笔,等等。起笔有轻有重,行笔有快有慢,收笔有回有露。例如:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngAEsqoQ4iqSyIt9czBdsYd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":117,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"笔画运行","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e5550fda0e724504b4a7cfabec85f9da","width":608},"text":"","id":"doxcnu0I8C6QSkQu6wC8uxXsIXY"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOKMO0aw0YYycCmpOuXS0uc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"硬笔行书的用笔也讲究提按,以增强笔画的粗细变化和轻重的节奏。所谓提笔,就是笔从纸面提起,笔尖触纸力度小,笔画要细;所谓按笔,就是笔尖在纸上往下按,笔尖触纸力度大,笔画要粗一些。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUQUQyqSI20yqa7sL7G9oS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"提笔、按笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb829dfa114342c1b1d120b82128d91a","width":635},"text":"","id":"doxcnekasEsoeoe4mu0Nonrjcle"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkwSKqK2EUKaIOcl4UC3Ewf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔,一般是向上取逆势,上一笔接下一笔出现的钩挑。如“古”字的横,“人”、“有”的撇都是用翻笔写成的。折笔,一般是向下、向右取顺势,如“口”字的横折、“山”字的竖折,都是用这笔写成的。不论翻笔、折笔,都要求用笔慢而有力。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyu6isAmOi4mGTUsHEOHMyl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":116,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"翻笔、折笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b1566e92225f47ac8128398586fefccf","width":604},"text":"","id":"doxcn8mko4OE4Isik4sE9kDYhOb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYUSKSkE6ecGYOyGakZ6Ece"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔主要取字的姿态,笔画的下笔处比较方折,显得刚劲有力。如“五、方”等字的长横,“永、广”等字的侧点,“志”字的中竖,“个”字的斜撇等,都是侧笔写成的。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnickAgMqO4cSeqQWjFp2fOb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":118,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"侧笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/fa7f0a34b11e466daacfa620b13a675e","width":615},"text":"","id":"doxcniOQqoe8GSea4KwF9bGE8oc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIkieauKK2cIEyGYClkTTTT"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔,书写时故意放慢行笔速度,认为制造行笔阻力。目的在于强调线条的质感,多用于竖钩、竖弯钩等笔画。如图:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncmuAC2coEcoyaMtuxgMHeg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":120,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"涩笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/796b89d418b74d4fb95578b8d915c6f9","width":600},"text":"","id":"doxcngyyMMII2u0YoQH0KHwRW9d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"游笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncg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"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、悬针竖是指竖画下面尖尖的如针倒悬,如“半”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下、由重而轻写竖画。悬针竖要如针垂直端悬,不能东斜西倒。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMGEuSO0UIEKwERGIXzMqXd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/cb48104f6dcb4251b37a602a9ae8a61c","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcnSAy0YIQgoW8QkZfG88gPdf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、垂露竖是指竖画下面不失如露水倒垂,如“申”字。写法是落笔略顿,接着由上而下写竖画,至末端再略顿一下,回锋收笔。垂露竖的两端用笔重而中间用笔轻,两端书写速度慢而中间书写速度快,竖中带挺呈曲势,如人挺立,显得精神饱满。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEMqY8OiweUaEwfryAYZwlb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/bd46d063791041759713fe5ebe89ebbc","width":115},"text":"","id":"doxcns6ooS2yy0UywOQZTPz5ypd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、曲勾竖是指竖画下端带曲勾,如“抑”字。写法是写好一竖后,末端收笔时顺势向左下迅速勾出。曲勾竖的竖中略带曲势,并非一味地端直。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWocOQWKQ6E8C23aBQquN0e"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9366914ce194466188ab4e027d8395d6","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcniCkCySYaogCMy8CgtzOdad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、仰勾竖是指竖画下端带仰勾,如“隆”字。写法是落笔写竖画,至末端再用力向右上勾出。。仰勾竖与曲勾竖的差别是前者仰勾向上、由左而右,后者曲勾向下、由右而左;前者是承上笔,后者是启下画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyaSKUuKC2KqK617H2GW7Pb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"竖","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0cec2d06716041579f604fabd587e68b","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnuse6KUEuUEUCcRJx1mLSfc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkuQgYUGGYCWmu1xqsHOvdb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、回锋撇是指撇画下端回锋向上,如“化”字。写法是落笔稍重,随着向左下写撇,至撇尾再回锋向上收笔。因为撇尾回锋收笔,并非出锋收笔。所以撇尾不失而圆。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwSKsUSWqMCAAEpqutNwPhg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/dbd2fd69962a4b97884cf9930efe819e","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnUq28SS4m06OaSONR4T0JOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、挑脚撇是指撇画下端挑脚向上,如“今”字。写法与回锋撇同,只是收笔时挑脚而出呈勾状。一般说,回锋撇往往是撇后写竖,笔势角度小,挑脚撇往往是撇后写捺,笔势角度大。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIM4cMOeC4E0qoVwwpW0EBe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":57,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7a7698feb2274116ab7c38562ead19e1","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnWCqy8UgkWqyGCUQT3Bah3d"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、斜撇斜撇是楷书写法,撇端尖尖的,如“余”字。写法是落笔稍重,然后逐渐提笔向左下撇出,撇时要轻灵不要迟疑,而且力要送到撇尖。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKUkQgCIQmcASsrU1PSoWOg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/2254d52a351348588d05afdff6ea3320","width":98},"text":"","id":"doxcnqWGEuY4uQUcABH3xLQVtIm"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、平撇平撇在字头,短小而平,如“重”字。写法是落笔重,略顿,随后提笔迅速撇出。平撇的形态有点象鸟啄,短小尖锐。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSAI4mCuscQM4AZkOe8sg7b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"撇","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/f2b93fa157ad4e95ac4b30049f287bf3","width":102},"text":"","id":"doxcn4w2CiuQGqGIqSogyuvEIuc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn20memQssyuI0stjz1MXDUe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、斜捺是指捺画斜而长,如“秦”字。斜捺在汉字中往往与斜撇相配,如同人的左右手。写法是顺着撇势轻落笔,略横行,接着转笔向右下方写。捺时要稍用力,随即向右平捺出。斜捺的形态是一波三折,故又称“波画”。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS8wcu6CoSyWUuC7luiH6Ef"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/3930b2e9ca614eba99d5bb3354a3fbce","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnY2cuQQ2MYwSSecUkPVdJtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、回锋捺是指斜捺的捺脚收笔处不是出锋而是回锋,如“天”字。写法与斜捺同,只是最后回锋收笔,露出下尖勾,目的是为了书写下一字。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn00Uo80MmSWQ8Yziod0jWig"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/decdb32317d54cb59b0e9d3db41d8867","width":106},"text":"","id":"doxcnkWSUUAcqKsAcMHBwADjOIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、反捺是从斜捺、回锋捺变化而来,如“木”字。写法是轻落笔,触纸后徐徐用力向右下行笔,然后用力向左下勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyoUMMs0KMq4IQTiqai28Xd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a6e8d47b4d6644d58e08890a4cd2ebac","width":101},"text":"","id":"doxcnA48ssUU6AQCWmyJoiZstcb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、圆曲捺是指游水捺的三弯处圆曲如环。写法是先落笔写一点,接着顺势写一竖,再提笔向右拐弯,然后回锋或藏锋收笔。写回曲捺要注意两点,一是拐弯要圆曲不能生硬,二是捺尾要圆浑不能尖利。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO0i8ywawgaaaU53p6qQ18b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0caa16393ccc4988b79c44a7197fed93","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnEGQK8oGi28I62ym38KMdWq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、平捺在字的下面起托的作用,因比字头或字中的斜捺角度较小波画较平而名之,如“之”字。写法是回锋落笔,略横,随着向右下用笔,然后用力平平捺出。平捺与斜捺一样,形态是一波三折,有一种流动的势态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEaGgmIScg4yMoL8sJt1IKb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":56,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"捺","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4b3c13c69712402ba6bccbda7726d2d6","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnOgO002K2Eg8G4Vh3Vfwh2f"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、挑勾捺是指平捺的捺脚上挑,如“超”字。写法是写好平捺后,捺脚不平出,而是顺势上挑成勾状,目的是为了便于写“走”字里面的部分。挑勾捺其实是在平捺快写后顺着笔势自然形成的一种写法,不可勉强为之。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEOMgg68YwSouGkh1NHmCTf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmIM0wg6Y4aIyaSGfbCqCJf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、短挑是挑画的一种,线条短小,如“地”字。短挑在行书中是承着其他点画书写而出,短小精锐,恰似一把短剑。写法是落笔后略顿,随即逐渐提笔用力挑出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEWGcM8GI8Q6qoF49kXcPld"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":51,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/af679e94750045e3b77df45fa15d474b","width":100},"text":"","id":"doxcnW0uyq6IyKmmSy6PkudqHff"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、撇折挑是指撇和挑连写,如“福”字。写法是先写一撇,然后折笔用力向右上迅速挑出,撇折挑要注意折处,书写时点画务必交待清楚,不能含含糊糊,拖泥带水。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4g8sq2E6AkeOys9eLkHIke"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":52,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"挑","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/63751c0e22424addb80faf972a47db5b","width":103},"text":"","id":"doxcnuWCEyKWOuC6s8PV6hhl0pf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuOYcgSEq8EmS4QX8PE1UFb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、蟹爪勾是指竖勾屈曲似蟹爪,如“寺”字。写法是先写竖画,然后转笔向左行笔,再翻笔向上勾出。蟹爪勾是竖勾的变化写法,形态优美、线条雄健、气势酣畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqGwW8uucc4okquXfu1Iz6b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7e48cdc805554452b3e2ac528253094c","width":106},"text":"","id":"doxcnmcqwMCuSomAU2VO2H56Uje"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、戈勾即戈字勾,如“戊”字。写法是侧锋落笔,然后纵笔而下,勾时用力翻笔向上勾出。戈画平中带弧有韧劲,刚中含柔见纵势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneIAEeiQsAisScv2zhC19Wd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/56309326ba27493fad395457ea90b9ff","width":109},"text":"","id":"doxcn2sWu6cSwoUQIagLJ0gXPHh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、背抛勾是指从背面反抛勾出,如“夙”字。写法是顺势写上横画,拐弯时折笔而下,然后宛转提笔写下弯画,再翻笔向左上勾出。背抛勾转弯抹角处不能生硬有棱角,勾尖要向内,对着字心首画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcneA6WGqWa08WcgtWYZlo7bc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":55,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0ff9884f8c974e1d835c3be8a0a1b6d1","width":111},"text":"","id":"doxcni48aw2ygGaueEXTgi0fPkh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、浮鹅勾因形同白鹅浮绿水而名,如“毛”字。写法是落笔稍重,接着用笔向下写直画,随即提笔拐弯写横,最后翻笔向上勾出。浮鹅勾要鹅头高昂,鹅身平正,方正中呈圆势,态度雍容大方,气宇轩昂不几。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8KCauImwe6AiSEiYsnwzYg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/e82bfa94f8304916b3f57fb04487a4f0","width":113},"text":"","id":"doxcnIgc2WYK2uWQ26BXelFJ3Ad"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、回锋勾如同回锋捺是斜捺的快写形式一样,回锋勾是浮鹅勾的快写形式,如“也”字。写法是顺势写竖横圆曲折,然后翻笔由上绕一小圈向下勾出。回锋勾与浮鹅勾的不同处除了勾的形式和方向不一样外,是回锋勾的竖横向内圆曲而浮鹅勾的竖横向外开拓。向内圆曲的比较宛转流利,向外开拓的比较雄健挺拔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQs8iweaQK8e4EdPKOJQHdl"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"勾","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/551a5d92616b47d0bc9eda60761fbcdc","width":110},"text":"","id":"doxcnyU04Y0i2acIuozMvyOzlSb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngQQ8s20aSK8ESahD9M899g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、横勾折是指横画加折勾,如“罪”字。写法是落笔先写横画,折时稍用力向左下方勾出。横勾折不仅要横与勾的笔画分明,而且转折要自然有力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWio8e02SYoAeQbaBlG2Hte"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":53,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7f731cde47ed4e01957fd1269311c80d","width":112},"text":"","id":"doxcnwYkoSe6ayIw2cxjYtbxLrf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、竖勾折是指竖画加折勾,如“问”字。写法是先写竖画,要心胸挺起,折时不妨笔略提起,再顿下去,然后迅速向左上勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWQm4Eao4aqKKw0lLitNFtb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8ef6123471314be4b6d26ffaa40d1fcd","width":119},"text":"","id":"doxcnKa66M4A8EQke6P0RkyQjSe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、曲折在行书中用得很多,凡是撇捺连续快写都成曲折,如“根”字。写法是落笔写撇画,接着向右折笔,再随即向下勾。曲折形似闪电,富于动态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqyOWY6g2UaA6MpQ8FUINvd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":60,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/98cc56e5e1474d4f92cac8ae5ac31822","width":116},"text":"","id":"doxcnCsOWsqOcGG8eOsNEpVaYtd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、撇捺折是撇捺的连写,但书写较工整,如“衣”字。写法是落笔稍重,再逐渐提笔写撇,然后回锋向右下方写反捺,即成。撇捺折在撇捺的交接处要连写,要有折的风味。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWewKKSI4cCscYF1HaN4kGc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/23d0fd6cd3454680856bbaaa344f54b6","width":115},"text":"","id":"doxcnewcmg4qW6gEA0UaVVbOKre"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"5、三弯折是指三弯折曲折成三弯,如“乃”字。写法是先落笔写横,再折笔写弯,接着顺势向下弯出。三弯折要折而有韧劲,弯曲自然舒展。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ6CKwao4cIOMERTrg1fhHq"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":58,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/8f24967e75c34cab99be55f76a86b512","width":111},"text":"","id":"doxcnoeyy2S4qewywgDcvyMUwSQ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"6、内勾折是由横撇折的外勾变为内勾,如“序”字。写法是写好横画后,接着翻笔写撇,撇要成内包势,随即趁势向右上勾出。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn2Ss2qCgGmKIyIBRbOunaWc"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/a2f3cbac9487408ba0f39b08ac358220","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcnGq0mgYMSAuiAk1UtlcrkIg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"7、鹅勾折是浮鹅勾的快速简便写法,如“光”字。写法是依势落笔写短斜竖,随即折笔向右上勾出。鹅勾折的折处要圆润遒丽,用笔要流畅明净。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUcYuEAuYYAK2olswbP1IWg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":59,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"折","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6faf469fdfd94480a98e9a13f850bf1d","width":114},"text":"","id":"doxcngKK2iS2mq28YKkCCgOrLEg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书偏旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcne4EC2w0iSQggQBLryTtseh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书偏旁一定要根据与其所搭配的单体的长短、肥瘦,大小不同而有所变化,不能千篇一律。此外,部首一定要与其所搭配的单体互相呼应。呼应的方法,或者借助于楷书用意连,或者借助于草书用形连。形连时要注意既要靠牵丝,又要靠笔势,过多地使用牵丝,如果形连势不能连,整个字仍是盘散沙。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSOOim2IA4aQigZNH3bjZ3b"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"食字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwy2cmiKaaiiEOEDyjUgBld"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"侧锋落笔写撇,随即回锋写横勾折,接着顺势写竖仰勾。整个食字旁线条清楚匀称,是一笔写成。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnskckguQUkAiOaOq0mEPaZg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":170,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"食字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/b7a138106c2648259dfc5139a6c53464","width":683},"text":"","id":"doxcn8sooCSyYuEuWmiJHQUlQjh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"衣字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8weuAWyMEwOuaz7nBePYf7"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首点向左下带出一点以呼应下一笔,撇点用撇提代替,改变示字旁的书写顺序。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOUi6ocKee4wEgxutajZ0ug"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":178,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"衣字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/0228c3b959664403988e2278d38e45d7","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcnm044EWWyysAgKOz7kzuh0d"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"弓字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQoSaoCCQGSEouEqkI0Mt1V"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"先落笔写横折,再翻笔写横折勾。弓字旁的弓须一气呵成,不能用两笔或三笔写成。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkYSu64sIuM8kEVA00RUYge"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":143,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"弓字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7e7daa952ab245bb9421064c84c4df42","width":603},"text":"","id":"doxcnCI6m6QgMOu046KVUu1wVyf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"虫字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncuIAKskk2k6eWMBytYHUIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"落笔写短斜竖,再顺势写横竖折,接着回锋写下横,然后翻笔向上写竖折挑,为了便于书写,行书虫字旁的一点往往省掉。 ","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyk6kqwCUqqEW2RwzZ4n3ih"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":122,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"虫字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ce7d01b53893425f94091d1e7aa0525f","width":616},"text":"","id":"doxcnKQwUa42qiGgQ4XMINBjERg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"马字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOqe6eOKia20mI1EpDYjbEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"落笔写出折勾,再回笔写竖横折勾,最后顺势写下横。下横一般写成挑画,以便书写右面点画。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnaWIkyqaUog64IXUTVzmjpd"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":152,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"马字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ef33f00d92bc4c82b4b5e4d2db483403","width":637},"text":"","id":"doxcni42mMSs2E2AOuIVn5LBdR1"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYgAMQAkmUM8yMnjyyPcyJd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁主要是在右部。其第一横要稍长,抗肩,中间用小撇画,不要太长,撇画的起笔位置稍靠左,第二个撇画的弯度较大一些,但不要写的太长,最后撇画带出小钩,呼应最后一点。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnggWey8I8Qy2gp6EKTxTgrr"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"页字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/da261ebd1ebb45b689a6af207648eb84","width":499},"text":"","id":"doxcnGe2wGsEeCkE4WS28zkaZdg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"舌字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0WCQaSSMQ6U40ePMyOCRZd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"首先平撇要短,角度稍平,竖写短,横可稍长,但口字要写小。所以偏旁整体要小。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnw0QMekIIqY4MuoKDXqpNHg"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":128,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"舌字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/7afe032f97a941b6824b5da0a76d0dcb","width":629},"text":"","id":"doxcnukqYqKcCWCqISWTs6rNoEd"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwiy4wqSwuEEAg1BTDW8gvd"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁也是写小,且整体稍向右上斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcniQ6QCW62Acq0Ys0PILBIbS"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":136,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"田字旁","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/19d6720489ba498c9ae989be68a49c0d","width":614},"text":"","id":"doxcnU4AEwyO6UmKWnsuY5eX5Io"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书章法","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0k2USuqGSugoCmR2YmrWAf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书是介于楷书和草书之间的书体,是日常生活书写中最常用最流行的书体。尤以钢笔行书为最。行书笔画、结构有一定的伸缩性,形态又多变化,丰富奇彩、意到笔随,可塑性大,利于发挥艺术效果,实用价值更是超过其它书体。一副得意之作,通篇结构,引领管带,首尾呼应,一气呵成,各尽意志,气适流动,起伏随势,巧布虚陈,寄情寓意,无不淋漓尽致,酣畅爽快,令人赏心悦目。这些都说明章法在行书创作中显得尤为重要。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnYWYK8W6Ky0U4I7p3ZGyLpe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"章法特点","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnscaOkQmK2ym2uuacwmDWBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书由于笔画、结构变化较大,形体各异,加之书写风格不同,因而即使同一字也会出现多种形态,有肥瘦、长短、方圆、雄浑、挺拨、俊秀等差别。正是这些差别,使行书作品千姿百态,异彩纷呈,构成了不同的气韵的章法。因此,行书的谋篇布局较楷书要灵活得多,具有如下特点:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAOUUCUEQ82MNIa8dy6Jqr"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"笔势多取纵势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnem6uwmIUgkUOCiIIHAVoEc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书笔画活泼流动,笔画之间有牵纵行带,前字的末笔与后字的首笔连带密切,如取纵势,更显得如行云流水,气韵贯通,给人以一气呵成之势。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncqai8YcC4qkEcJZZYp0wbf"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"疏密变化自如","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEe4IuQwQKco6ioVhPww3Yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书除笔画、结构有疏密变化外,在整体布局中通过改变字形的大小、长短、字态的肥瘦、俯仰,能自由地调整疏密位置与布白,达到疏密得当,布白奇妙的效果。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngI8I8iWY4ggEETpYW4TWKg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"参差错落有致","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnyY6McsoGiCAI49eIbJf1Yg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书不仅仅笔画、结体各部分及字与字之间有参差变化外,而且行与行之间及通篇亦有错落变化,这样,整体布局显得活泼灵动,妙趣横生。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkQa262qAS4Y44kebdWNjlc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"行气直抒胸臆","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnWEUW0aSwKqwioL7kGZZbih"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"由于行书书写速度较快,行笔之时情法于中、笔情交融,最能直接表达书者的情感,增加作品的感染力。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAyKM0AU8QauAC89X8PETgg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"谋篇技巧","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8g2yw6YQisMUewcHsiCBnc"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以动为主","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQGCG264aiCOa62eig4dIyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书的章法以静为主要特征,给人以平和稳定、一丝不苟、不激不厉和端正严肃的感觉;行书章法则以动为主要特征,给人以生动飘逸和富有生命活力的感觉。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnusII6oWAIeaeGO2l13qZgh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"前人出书法要“师造化”,凡在现实生活中能见到的动作姿态,都可借鉴到行、草书中去,以增强行书作品的动感,丰富其内涵和底蕴。多欣赏和临写古今行书大家作品,也是培养书写动感的有效途径。我们不能用楷书的结体和章法来写行书,这样会使作品显得沉快无生气。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaqOeS0KomkCcB90z1cpjh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"虽然行书强调动感,但并不是随意为之、不要法度,它仍要遵循一定的规律,以严谨求灵变,避免过于放纵。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn04CaAAAGGqYCkB74bKmj5e"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"以不齐求齐","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqYaAUqMyEqaoGolGrLFSLf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"楷书要求字的上下左右间隔匀称,排列整齐,以工整规范为美。行书则要求字形有大小,间隔有疏密排列,有错落变化,以局部的不整齐求得整体的平衡、稳定和齐整,以变化为美。一幅好的行书作品,初看起来一行一行排列得很整齐,行与行之间的距离也相等,一气呵成,浑然一体,气韵生动,但细看起来,我们不难发现,字与字并不对齐,有的偏左,有的偏右,左右动荡不写,行与行之间的距离也不相等,有的紧,有的松,没有定则,即所谓的“行书无写法”,需要我们多实践、多体会。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcng0m6K4mIWIQuSTyRdR0iNC"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"具有节奏变化","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0mGoqc8CKiKuisjCYuI1rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"一幅好的行书作品,就象一首抒情的歌曲,时而婉转平和,时而高亢豪迈,时而如行云流水,时而如电闪雷鸣,几经曲折,波澜起伏。这些都是书者书写时情感的自然渲泄,这种渲泻是有节奏的,体现了行书作品的节奏美。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnk6oS4648y26OANLehr5Ayh"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"前后呼应","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcncwCUi2miWAaOs9cTQCQNIe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"行书作品最注重首字,应静心写好文稿第一字,以统领全篇。要使行书的章法显得严谨而又富于变化,一定要注意前后呼应关系,要意在笔先,事先考虑好前后字的衔接问题。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcngiUEOuykEcou6ls65je4Ec"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"书写姿势","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkIiu0qG4ISKEWEV29p0Lhe"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcno4wuicC8u4woolgT0iFfKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的书写姿势不只是为了好看,还可以使书写技能得到充分、有效地发挥,有助于书写者的身心健康。书写姿势同时也反映出书写者的修养,只有身正才会字正。正确的姿势应是头正、身直、肩平、胸舒、臂开、足安。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkMSswUI2WKAol2w4DioiKY"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":269,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"坐姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fbd5ad40e5d48c08d8cdab066bba81e","width":249},"text":"","id":"doxcnqm2uCmw0owUUY5OWH2KzUg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、头部端正:头要居中,稍向前下方俯视,眼睛与纸面一尺距离,不可俯得太低,也不可左偏、右斜。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqAMQGGsCsMWSUpcK0JxSKb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、身直肩平:臀部平坐于椅子中间大部,不能扭向一边,两肩平齐,上身不弯曲,使上身重心安稳。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoUiYWyqyCYMED5LIMvyBoq"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"3、臂开胸舒:两臂自然开张,两肘平放桌面,保持一线,腹背挺直,胸口与桌沿保持一拳距离,使呼吸顺畅。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0McKYqQOOsQU8lGajEQpze"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"4、腿开足安:两腿分开,与肩同宽,自然下垂,内侧保持平行,两脚平放地上,使全身平衡。正确的书写姿势,才能使字写得端正,重心平衡。同时,正确的姿势也会给人的身体带来益处。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnAwCCaoS8cUaUK4bwzdP1wb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn484YCWuqYCgQKKJJq1SqBf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"执笔方法不正确,不但妨碍书写姿势,影响书写质量,还会给书写者身心健康带来危害,不可忽视。根据笔的自身特点,硬笔是三指执笔法,斜拿。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmkciww0WuyUa4iC5JCK6Ic"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"正确的执笔方法:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8A4cGIEUOYy0GW13CkCCOb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①用拇指、食指、中指三个指头捏住笔杆(三指处于同一平面);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIywGmOiyoCcMgN2M7T7Nog"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②指尖距笔尖约2.5cm~3cm(两指左右);","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnc2QIceAcSgKAWGKahaJm8g"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③所有指关节都向外弯;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnuScKqwMEoSUcys1lP97bCh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"④笔杆位于食指的根部(如下图)。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyke2coyo0M6eXj1qhSuNs"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":200,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"握姿","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/05e3c3ad2ab54d9db375da93042949a5","width":382},"text":"","id":"doxcne0eiCmM0cG4U6p3INPuCMc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"同时,还要做到:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnamykg6AwCq2Ac9h72enUCc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"①指实:拇指、食指、中指来自三方的力量,处在与笔杆垂直的同一圆角上,将笔杆夹牢,松紧适度。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnweCWAUYiyGeg2TkOOdNbBb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"②掌虚:无名指和小指紧随中指下部依次靠拢,并向掌心弯曲、虛握。小指的整个底部形成一个环形底座,虚贴桌面。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnA02SkuSikAEiSOc82XnAC8"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"③杆斜:笔杆向右后方倾斜,紧靠在食指第三关节与虎口方向,与桌面呈45°角。如果写较大的字,手指向前伸直,笔杆与纸面角度减小;书写较小的字手指向掌心收缩,笔杆与纸面角度大,宜于精離细琢。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn0EAes80guA0Gg9lxRjo0hb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":1},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"工具","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnOk6mywusO2IOkN3g9fTK2c"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"选笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnIOwM62Iy8uGU0alFfMMjUb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSaW8SwyIoEouaOmyhAUNVh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔的地位在硬笔练字中处于不可撼动的地位,较强表现力可以反映出毛笔的效果。适合练字的钢笔,日笔应该比欧笔更适合一些。推荐白金3776,百乐78G,写乐21K等。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnMUmI4aIokKw6cbKMEuVWDg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"关于练习钢笔的选择,我们可以遵从以下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn06GiYsWC4mq00ovgwEGzRb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)不使用美工笔。美工笔不利于稳定练习;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnO2UQEqWkuQuQCIEGKZsrbg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不使用写起来不适的钢笔。比如出现堵笔、洇墨、摩阻过大等问题;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnQ42AKQqyYg6I8hGOKSkeOc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不使用过贵的钢笔。在成本练字的过程相对耗笔,尽量做到成本控制,贵的笔对练字本身没有太实质性的帮助。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcni404gSg2e6WyMPg2b2F9Bb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":266,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"钢笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/ebd402ad33cc481485f01a3f2966ad1c","width":400},"text":"","id":"doxcn4uY6IYu2ICIw3EuOMlrjFG"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnmwuQmOGuS042gvVP3Id6ah"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔有稳定、表现力强、便宜、便捷、书写舒适等优点,是一种相对完美的笔。不止在此次行楷练习试验中,日常生活中,大多数人更愿意使用0.5中性笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn4OGuOsYGGC6iqaredoyuJY"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"推荐适合练字的中性笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoOmKaemOqcccEVs5KJ77Gg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"1、国产中性笔宝克PC-1168,这款笔无论从握持手感、出水流畅度、品控还是书写感受方面,都属于第一梯队的,一点也不比那些昂贵的进口中性笔差。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnqEukCgewS60EcX2tvmYDVg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"2、百乐P700和P500,其实就是0.7和0.5,笔感超级顺滑,而且出水不多不少,非常好写,这么出名是有原因的。可能看不出来,但0.5确实比0.7的更细。练字推荐用0.7,0.5的可以日常用。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUek84A6OCEgOCw5UNMUhJb"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔的挑选可以遵从如下原则:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnkkICQqo6Cm88u7WuiDWz7e"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)书写流度,笔触顺骨,笔画饱满,墨色均匀;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnKe4siIGgSEsaaELXNWpi1H"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)握笔舒适度,长时间书写不会有过于明显累手、压迫感;","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwqUMSieS8gsAqyBuq40XIc"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)墨干燥速度,书写时不会被谱黑就行。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEyCssSI00Wq2cFm5hjXT7b"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":300,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"中性笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/4dcba69431cf4cfa84922b64689b0d19","width":300},"text":"","id":"doxcnY8SCicMsOOis8J3zWX7Htb"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":3},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"其他笔","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSQ2s0gw8CIyYquSaWHLhKe"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"除了钢笔和中性笔,其他笔类都可以进行练字。种类繁多,最为常见的有铅笔,圆珠笔等。不一定局限于某种笔。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnEe2muKE6CeU2kfO5ezrUxe"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":220,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"其他笔","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/6fb01c055f3c43c5b57a686afdac141d","width":220},"text":"","id":"doxcn084Uwumk8C8U068kJ9qbIg"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnoGqquMwA8CQYG2DKdolh3c"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"练习纸种类繁多,常见的有回宫格、米字格、田字格、空白格、横线格、竖线格等等,练习纸的选择也需依据自己的基础,初学尽量选择辅助线多的回宫格、米字格等,随着阶段的变化,练习纸也应该有所改变以减少辅助,达到科学练习的目的。按时间顺序,不止使用了米字格纸、田字格纸、空白格纸、横线纸、竖线纸、白纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnS60ocSugMSWegNnbUyHQ2b"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"重点:从脱离米字格到白纸,练字整个过程都贯穿着田字格纸的巩固练习,不属于完全转换状态。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnosQSwUYCgq66QJHLq094Ud"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"另外,有以下几个点可以注意:","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnSugi6IWWKMKSWd3Ibp7GtZ"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(1)当没有问题的笔墨写在纸上产生洇墨、阻力大等类问题,建议换纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwOOW42wEyY6EKcEt3OKSBh"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(2)不要使用线格过小的纸,选择写起来有种自然舒适状态的纸。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnwQoU4AWmY4YmWMBLwAw1rf"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"(3)不要刻意追求“好”纸,硬笔行书的练习对纸的要求较低。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcn8UIMuwA4KiKQk95m4tnAMb"},{"type":"image","attrs":{"height":1185,"note":[{"type":"text","text":"纸张","id":""}],"url":"https://p3.douyinpic.com/large/tos-cn-i-qvj2lq49k0/9ddde4faa66f429dbd515d279930c598","width":790},"text":"","id":"doxcnqkWu80g8O6mAQr6qkPMw7f"},{"type":"heading","attrs":{"level":2},"children":[{"type":"text","text":"字帖","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnUASa6Y2KiSaSSutOmuSNyg"},{"type":"paragraph","children":[{"type":"text","text":"如果基础比较差,或者追求没那么高,可以从现代字帖练,比较容易上手。如果想追求书法或者有一定基础,那么就要多临摹古帖了。硬笔临摹古帖,初学以赵孟頫行楷《妙严寺》、《胆巴碑》过度,再以《赤壁赋》、《吴兴赋》入手,然后可以临文征明等二王一路的帖。或者直接以李邕《法华寺》入手。以上字帖,要下大功夫临摹,专注一本,长期熏修,悟到行书精髓,然后可以遍临诸家。","id":""}],"text":"","id":"doxcnucQUMwau2sCUwfnACIbDgg"},{"type":"head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